Abstract:Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious disease that can infect most mammals, with pigs as the only natural host, has caused considerable economic losses to the pig husbandry of the world. Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against the attack of pathogens and is essential for the proper establishment of adaptive immunity. The host uses the innate immune response to against the invasion of PRV; however PRV makes use of various strategies to inhibit the innate immunity to promote the v… Show more
“…However, several questions require clarification: (1) Further investigations should be performed to confirm the antiviral activities of these cellular factors against PRV in vivo. (2) It has been reported that PRV tegument proteins and glycoproteins can suppress the innate immune responses induced by virus infection ( 45 ). Such as PRV UL24, which can directly inhibit the transcription of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (e.g., OASL and ISG20 genes) ( 46 ).…”
Section: Perspective and Concluding Remarksmentioning
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and serves as an exceptional animal model for investigating the infection mechanism of Herpes simplex virus type 1. Notably, PRV has the capability to infect a wide range of mammals, including humans, highlighting its potential as an overlooked zoonotic pathogen. The attachment and entry steps of PRV into host cells are crucial to accomplish its life cycle, which involve numerous cellular factors. In this mini review, we offer a comprehensive summary of current researches pertaining to the role of cellular factors in PRV attachment and entry stages, with the overarching goal of advancing the development of novel antiviral agents against this pathogen.
“…However, several questions require clarification: (1) Further investigations should be performed to confirm the antiviral activities of these cellular factors against PRV in vivo. (2) It has been reported that PRV tegument proteins and glycoproteins can suppress the innate immune responses induced by virus infection ( 45 ). Such as PRV UL24, which can directly inhibit the transcription of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (e.g., OASL and ISG20 genes) ( 46 ).…”
Section: Perspective and Concluding Remarksmentioning
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and serves as an exceptional animal model for investigating the infection mechanism of Herpes simplex virus type 1. Notably, PRV has the capability to infect a wide range of mammals, including humans, highlighting its potential as an overlooked zoonotic pathogen. The attachment and entry steps of PRV into host cells are crucial to accomplish its life cycle, which involve numerous cellular factors. In this mini review, we offer a comprehensive summary of current researches pertaining to the role of cellular factors in PRV attachment and entry stages, with the overarching goal of advancing the development of novel antiviral agents against this pathogen.
“…8,9 Therefore, it is still a major challenge for veterinary immunology to formulate novel PRV vaccines that are both efficient and affordable. 10 Compared to live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated PRV vaccinations, as is known, are safe and noncontagious. However, their poor immunogenicity leads to unsatisfactory innate and adaptive immune responses for combating the PRV pandemic.…”
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly contagious viral disease, and leads to severe financial losses to the breeding industry worldwide. The PRV is mainly controlled using live attenuated and inactivated...
“…Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is extremely infectious in mammals and poses a risk of spill-over transmission to humans ( 1 ) and considerable public health challenges. PRV can inhibit host innate immunity and promote viral replication ( 2 ). Thus, focusing more on immunity regularity is important for investigating the effect of PRV.…”
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause fatal encephalitis in newborn pigs and escape the immune system. While there is currently no effective treatment for PRV, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi polysaccharides (SGP) and Rodgersia sambucifolia Hemsl flavonoids (RHF) are traditional Chinese herbal medicines with potential preventive and therapeutic effects against PRV infection. In order to explore which one is more effective in the prevention and treatment of PRV infection in piglets. We investigate the therapeutic effects of RHF and SGP in PRV-infected piglets using clinical symptom and pathological injury scoring systems. The immune regulatory effects of RHF and SGP on T lymphocyte transformation rate, cytokines, T cells, and Toll-like receptors were also measured to examine the molecular mechanisms of these effects. The results showed that SGP significantly reduced clinical symptoms and pathological damage in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys in PRV-infected piglets and the T lymphocyte conversion rate in the SGP group was significantly higher than that in the other treatment groups, this potential dose-dependent effect of SGP on T lymphocyte conversation. Serum immunoglobulin and cytokine levels in the SGP group fluctuated during the treatment period, with SGP treatment showing better therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects in PRV-infected piglets than RHF or the combined SGP + RHF treatment. In conclusion, RHF and SGP treatments alleviate the clinical symptoms of PRV infection in piglets, and the immunomodulatory effect of SGP treatment was better than that of the RHF and a combination of both treatments. This study provides evidence for SGP in controlling PRV infection in piglets.
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