Progress in the drug encapsulation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and folate-decorated poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) conjugates for selective cancer treatment
Abstract:A concise review of PLGA-based conjugates and folate-decorated PEG–PLGA conjugates has been presented, focusing on their chemistries, biological activity, and functions as targeted drug carriers or sustained drug controllers for cancers.
“… 37 , 38 In addition, PLGA has been recognised by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as having good biocompatibility, degradability, and safety, and it is widely used in the study of medical engineering materials and drug delivery systems. 39–41 The VAN standard curve is shown in Figure 1A . Figure 1 Characterisation of VAN/PLGA microspheres.…”
Background
Successful treatment of infectious bone defect remains a major challenge in the orthopaedic field. At present, the conventional treatment for infectious bone defects is surgical debridement and long-term systemic antibiotic use. It is necessary to develop a new strategy to achieve effective bone regeneration and local anti-infection for infectious bone defects.
Methods
Firstly, vancomycin / poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) sustained release microspheres (VAN/PLGA-MS) were prepared. Then, through the dual-nozzle 3D printing technology, VAN/PLGA-MS was uniformly loaded into the pores of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds printed in a certain proportion, and a composite scaffold (VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA) was designed, which can not only promote bone repair but also resist local infection. Finally, the performance of the composite scaffold was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro biological evaluation.
Results
The in vitro release test of microspheres showed that the release of VAN/PLGA-MS was relatively stable from the second day, and the average daily release concentration was about 15.75 μg/mL, which was higher than the minimum concentration specified in the guidelines. The bacteriostatic test in vitro showed that VAN/PLGA-MS had obvious inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-29213. Biological evaluation of VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffolds in vitro showed that it can promote the proliferation of adipose stem cells. In vivo biological evaluation showed that VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffold could significantly promote bone regeneration.
Conclusion
Our research shows that VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffolds have satisfying biomechanical properties, effectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, with good biocompatibility, and effectiveness on repairing bone defects. The VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffold provide the clinic with an application prospect in bone tissue engineering.
“… 37 , 38 In addition, PLGA has been recognised by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as having good biocompatibility, degradability, and safety, and it is widely used in the study of medical engineering materials and drug delivery systems. 39–41 The VAN standard curve is shown in Figure 1A . Figure 1 Characterisation of VAN/PLGA microspheres.…”
Background
Successful treatment of infectious bone defect remains a major challenge in the orthopaedic field. At present, the conventional treatment for infectious bone defects is surgical debridement and long-term systemic antibiotic use. It is necessary to develop a new strategy to achieve effective bone regeneration and local anti-infection for infectious bone defects.
Methods
Firstly, vancomycin / poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) sustained release microspheres (VAN/PLGA-MS) were prepared. Then, through the dual-nozzle 3D printing technology, VAN/PLGA-MS was uniformly loaded into the pores of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds printed in a certain proportion, and a composite scaffold (VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA) was designed, which can not only promote bone repair but also resist local infection. Finally, the performance of the composite scaffold was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro biological evaluation.
Results
The in vitro release test of microspheres showed that the release of VAN/PLGA-MS was relatively stable from the second day, and the average daily release concentration was about 15.75 μg/mL, which was higher than the minimum concentration specified in the guidelines. The bacteriostatic test in vitro showed that VAN/PLGA-MS had obvious inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-29213. Biological evaluation of VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffolds in vitro showed that it can promote the proliferation of adipose stem cells. In vivo biological evaluation showed that VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffold could significantly promote bone regeneration.
Conclusion
Our research shows that VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffolds have satisfying biomechanical properties, effectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, with good biocompatibility, and effectiveness on repairing bone defects. The VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffold provide the clinic with an application prospect in bone tissue engineering.
“…PLGA, with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, has been widely applied to tissue engineering and drug delivery. 40 In the study, PLGA was used as a delivery system for KGN to obtain KGN MPs using an emulsification–evaporation method which was suitable for encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs in PLGA microspheres. PLGA and KGN in the oil phase were solidified in the aqueous phase with the evaporation of organic solvents.…”
A cell-free hydrogel to spatiotemporally regulate the release of aptamer 19S and kartogenin was developed, which could recruit endogenous mesenchymal stem cells, promote their chondrogenic differentiation and further improve cartilage regeneration.
“…As a result, PLGA has found extensive applications in targeted drug delivery, immunotherapy, and various other medical fields. [25,26] The application of immunotherapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has expanded the range of cancer treatment choices. Unlike conventional treatments, these therapies act by neutralizing tumor cells' inhibitory influence on the immune system, hence promoting tumor eradication.…”
The application of nanomaterials in healthcare has emerged as a promising strategy due to their unique structural diversity, surface properties, and compositional diversity. In particular, they have found a significant role in improving drug delivery and inhibiting the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted their potential in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhancing the activity of immune cells to improve tumor therapy efficacy. Various types of nanomaterials are currently utilized as drug carriers, immunosuppressants, immune activators, immunoassay reagents, and more for tumor immunotherapy. Necessarily, nanomaterials used for tumor immunotherapy can be grouped into two categories: organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Though both have shown the ability to achieve the purpose of tumor immunotherapy, their composition and structural properties result in differences in their mechanisms and modes of action. Organic nanomaterials can be further divided into organic polymers, cell membranes, nanoemulsion‐modified, and hydrogel forms. At the same time, inorganic nanomaterials can be broadly classified as nonmetallic and metallic nanomaterials. The current review aims to explore the mechanisms of action of these different types of nanomaterials and their prospects for promoting tumor immunotherapy.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
