Progress in Nanomaterials-Based Optical and Electrochemical Methods for the Assays of Exosomes

Recent microfluidic advances in submicron to nanoparticle manipulation and separation

“…[300][301][302] For instance, electrodes modified with a CD63-specific aptamer have been developed to capture exosomes and emit an electrochemical signal for quantification. 8,303,304 Electrochemical detection has many advantages, such as reduced reagent requirements, high sensitivity, low cost, and rapid detection. [305][306][307] Besides, it is independent of the optical path length and sample turbidity.…”

“…Therefore, efficient isolation and purification of exosomes from biological liquids have become increasingly important. 8 Moreover, the size fractionation of nanoparticles from the synthesised nanoparticles of broad size distribution is essential for practical applications because the functions and toxicities of nanoparticles are size-dependent. [9][10][11] Many technologies have been developed for separating and concentrating nanoparticles, including ultracentrifugation, 12,13 ultrafiltration, 14 size exclusion chromatography, 15 precipitation, 16 and immunoaffinity capture.…”

Microfluidic Platforms for the Isolation and Detection of Exosomes: A Brief Review

“…Therefore researchers have recently started integrating different methods based on the physical properties of exosomes with the design of the microfluidic device. Thus, microfluidics-based isolation techniques have developed and evolved over the years [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. The following sections will discuss some of the most interesting methods mostly based on the immunoaffinity approaches.…”

Nanotechnology-Inspired Extracellular Vesicles Theranostics for Diagnosis and Therapy of Central Nervous System Diseases

“…Holding many types of biomarkers and the ability to cross the BBB, EVs have shown great promise as a liquid biopsy for CNS diseases, accelerating a shift toward personalized medicine. , Traditional EV detection techniques including Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction are confronted with several drawbacks including time consumption, costly instrumentations, and limited sensitivity . To meet the increasing demand for ultrasensitive, simple operation, high-throughput, and low-cost methods, nanotechnology has significantly improved the analytical performance of EV detection by integrating nanomaterials and nanostructures with various techniques (summarized in Figure ); , (i) Binding of antibody-conjugated nanomaterials to EV surface markers can trigger selective fluorescence signal. Recently, AuNPs, QDs, upconversion nanoparticles, graphene oxide, and Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets have been reported to quantify EVs or profile their surface proteins through enhanced fluorescence. − (ii) Nanomaterials with innate optical properties (such as AuNPs) or catalytic effect (Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles) were applied for colorimetric EV detection.…”