Progress and Perspectives of Desalination in China

Ruan, Guoling; Wang, Min; An, Zi-Han; Xu, Guiyin; Yun-hong, GE; Zhao, Honglin

doi:10.3390/membranes11030206

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…However, current studies on evaporation processes mainly focus on the seawater desalination and zero discharge of industrial high-salinity water [31][32][33][34]. The most important thermal distillation processes are multistage flash, multi-effect distillation, and mechanical vapor recompression [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fulvic Acid in Landfill Leachate Membrane Concentrate on Evaporation Process

Liu

Chen

2022

Processes

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Landfill leachate membrane concentrate (LLMC) poses risks to the environment and is commonly treated by evaporation. As the main component of the dissolved organic matter in LLMC, fulvic acid (FA) was selected as a representative to investigate its effect on evaporation and the removal efficiency by pretreatment in this study. According to the water quality indexes and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of LLMC samples collected from five landfills in China, the concentration of total organic carbon in LLMC was 700‒2500 mg∙L−1, in which FA accounted for 50‒85%. The boiling point and viscosity of the configured FA-NaCl-Na2SO4 solution both increased significantly when FA was concentrated 20 times (approximately 30,000 mg∙L−1). Due to the presence of FA, the violent frothing phenomenon appeared at above 70 °C in evaporation, and the solubility of CaSO4·2H2O in FA-NaCl-Na2SO4 solution was significantly lower than that without FA. All these results indicated that the high FA concentration in LLMC could lead to decreased heat transfer coefficient and evaporation capacity during evaporation. Therefore, the softening pretreatment including the addition of Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, and coagulants was employed to reduce the hardness and FA concentration. After the softening experiments, the removal efficiency of FA was >95% for the configured LLMC sample, while for the actual LLMC sample collected from landfills, the removal efficiency of FA and chemical oxygen demand could reach >80% and about 30%, respectively. The remaining concentration of FA in LLMC was about 200 mg·L−1, and the recovery efficiency of clean water could be 90% in the evaporation process. This research has important guiding significance for the evaporation treatment of LLMC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fulvic Acid in Landfill Leachate Membrane Concentrate on Evaporation Process

Liu

Chen

2022

Processes

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“…These are capable of reducing the total dissolved solids (TDS) of a saline or brackish water and operate from a chemical, electrical or thermal potential [7]. Desalination processes can be classified in various ways [8][9][10], however, thermal and membrane systems are the most commonly employed for brackish and sea water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Effect on Permeate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal

Ge¹,

Ayala-Espinoza²,

La³

2021

Preprint

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Currently, a large part of the wells for agricultural use located in the state of Sonora are overexploited, which generates a high degree of saline intrusion and abandonment by nearby communities. In this paper the temperature effect on the final concentration of permeate water was evaluated through voltage and intel concentration variations in a batch electrodialysis reversal process (EDR), in order to identify optimal operating conditions with emphasis on the reduction of energy consumption and cost of desalinated water. Thirty-six samples were prepared: eighteen 2,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) samples and eighteen 5,000 mg/L TDS samples; brackish well water of 639 mg/L TDS and synthetic salt were mixed to obtain those concentrations. 3 different temperatures (25, 30, 35 °C) and 2 different voltages (10 and 20 V) were tested for each sample. The best salt removal occurred in the 20 V arrays, with 18.34% higher removal for 2,000 mg/L TDS experiments and 25.05% for 5,000 mg/L experiments (average between the 25 to 35 °C tests). Temperature positively affected EDR, especially in the experiments at 10 V voltage, where increasing 10 °C increased its efficiency by 10.83% and 24.69% for 2,000 and 5,000 mg/L TDS, respectively. Energy consumption was lower with increasing temperature (35 °C), as it decreased by 1.405% and 1.613% for 2,000 and 5,000 mg/L TDS concentrations, respectively (average between 10 and 20 V tests), decreasing the cost per m3 of water.

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“…These are capable of reducing the total dissolved solids (TDS) from a saline solution and operate from a chemical, electrical, or thermal potential [7]. Desalination processes can be classified in various ways [8][9][10]; however, thermal and membrane systems are the most commonly employed for brackish water and seawater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature on Diluate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal

et al. 2021

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A high percentage of the agricultural wells in the state of Sonora are overexploited, thus generating a significant degree of saline intrusion and abandonment by nearby communities. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the final concentration of diluted water was evaluated with variations in voltage and input concentration in a batch electrodialysis reversal (EDR) process in order to find the optimal operating conditions, with an emphasis on reducing the energy consumption and cost of desalinated water. Thirty-six samples were prepared: eighteen samples of 2000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) and eighteen samples of 5000 mg/L TDS; brackish well water of 639 mg/L TDS and synthetic salt were mixed to obtain these concentrations. Three different temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C) and two different voltages (10 and 20 V) were tested for each sample after evaluating the limiting current density. The best salt removal occurred in the 20 V sets, with 18.34% higher removal for the 2000 mg/L TDS experiments and 25.05% for the 5000 mg/L experiments (average between the 25 to 35 °C tests). The temperature positively affected the EDR, especially in the experiments at 10 V, where increasing by 10 °C increased the efficiency by 10.83% and 24.69% for 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS, respectively. The energy consumption was lower with increasing temperature (35 °C), as it decreased by 1.405% and 1.613% for the 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS concentrations, respectively (average between the 10 and 20 V tests), thus decreasing the cost per m3 of water.

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Progress and Perspectives of Desalination in China

Cited by 14 publications

References 63 publications

Effect of Fulvic Acid in Landfill Leachate Membrane Concentrate on Evaporation Process

Effect of Fulvic Acid in Landfill Leachate Membrane Concentrate on Evaporation Process

Temperature Effect on Permeate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal

Effect of Temperature on Diluate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal

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