Progress and Insights in the Application of MXenes as New 2D Nano-Materials Suitable for Biosensors and Biofuel Cell Design

Ramanavičius, Simonas; Ramanavičius, Arūnas

doi:10.3390/ijms21239224

Cited by 94 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Due to significant efforts of researchers, biosensors are applied in the detection of many biologically active compounds in complicated biological aliquots such as blood, blood serum, saliva urine, etc. [ 3 , 4 ]. These sensors are used to solve some still challenging tasks in pharmacy and biomedicine, such as tissue regeneration [ 5 ] or sensor design [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)

2021

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Recent challenges in biomedical diagnostics show that the development of rapid affinity sensors is very important issue. Therefore, in this review we are aiming to outline the most important directions of affinity sensors where polymer-based semiconducting materials are applied. Progress in formation and development of such materials is overviewed and discussed. Some applicability aspects of conducting polymers in the design of affinity sensors are presented. The main attention is focused on bioanalytical application of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ortho-phenylenediamine. In addition, some other polymers and inorganic materials that are suitable for molecular imprinting technology are also overviewed. Polymerization techniques, which are the most suitable for the development of composite structures suitable for affinity sensors are presented. Analytical signal transduction methods applied in affinity sensors based on polymer-based semiconducting materials are discussed. In this review the most attention is focused on the development and application of molecularly imprinted polymer-based structures, which can replace antibodies, receptors, and many others expensive affinity reagents. The applicability of electrochromic polymers in affinity sensor design is envisaged. Sufficient biocompatibility of some conducting polymers enables to apply them as “stealth coatings” in the future implantable affinity-sensors. Some new perspectives and trends in analytical application of polymer-based semiconducting materials are highlighted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)

2021

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“…An ideal electrochromic material is expected to have high optic contrast between its extreme states, a short response time, and high stability. In the 21st century, conjugated polymers together with metal oxides and viologens were determined as materials, which are very promising for sensing applications thanks to the easy tailoring of their properties by structural modifications, facile preparation, good processability, and low costs [ 1 ]. Exposure of electrochromic polymers to certain gases, vapors, and other analytes results in a change in the electronic structure of the polymer, as observed in their optical spectra, and this is also accompanied by a change of conductivity.…”

Section: Electrochromic Conducting Polymers For Sensor Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, various new and advanced technologies are required to fulfil new trends and requirements of analytical systems. Recently, the determination of many biologically active materials in various samples has been performed by sensor- and biosensor-based techniques [ 1 ], which are finding applications in the solution of challenging problems of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis [ 2 , 3 ]. In order to extend the bioanalytical applicability of sensors, many types of semiconducting materials [ 4 ], polymers, and polymer-based composites are used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

2020

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Fast and sensitive determination of biologically active compounds is very important in biomedical diagnostics, the food and beverage industry, and environmental analysis. In this review, the most promising directions in analytical application of conducting polymers (CPs) are outlined. Up to now polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are the most frequently used CPs in the design of sensors and biosensors; therefore, in this review, main attention is paid to these conducting polymers. The most popular polymerization methods applied for the formation of conducting polymer layers are discussed. The applicability of polypyrrole-based functional layers in the design of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells is highlighted. Some signal transduction mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed. Biocompatibility-related aspects of some conducting polymers are overviewed and some insights into the application of CP-based coatings for the design of implantable sensors and biofuel cells are addressed. New trends and perspectives in the development of sensors based on CPs and their composites with other materials are discussed.

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“…One of the most promising research directions, which is aiming to solve these challenges is related to the development of biosensors. Therefore, nowadays, biosensor-based techniques are applied for the determination of different biologically active materials [ 1 , 2 ]. Amperometric enzyme-based biosensors are the most frequently used among many other types of biosensors [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

Ramanavičius

2021

Nanomaterials

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Charge transfer (CT) is a very important issue in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Some nanomaterials can be applied to facilitate the CT in these bioelectronics-based devices. In this review, we overview some CT mechanisms and/or pathways that are the most frequently established between redox enzymes and electrodes. Facilitation of indirect CT by the application of some nanomaterials is frequently applied in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. More sophisticated and still rather rarely observed is direct charge transfer (DCT), which is often addressed as direct electron transfer (DET), therefore, DCT/DET is also targeted and discussed in this review. The application of conducting polymers (CPs) for the immobilization of enzymes and facilitation of charge transfer during the design of biosensors and biofuel cells are overviewed. Significant attention is paid to various ways of synthesis and application of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Some DCT/DET mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed, taking into account that not only charge transfer via electrons, but also charge transfer via holes can play a crucial role in the design of bioelectronics-based devices. Biocompatibility aspects of CPs, which provides important advantages essential for implantable bioelectronics, are discussed.

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Progress and Insights in the Application of MXenes as New 2D Nano-Materials Suitable for Biosensors and Biofuel Cell Design

Cited by 94 publications

References 135 publications

Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)

Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)

Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

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