Prograde Evolution and Geothermal Affinities of a Major Porphyry Copper Deposit: The Cerro Colorado Hypogene Protore, I Region, Northern Chile

Bouzari, Farhad; Clark, Alan H.

doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.101.1.95

Cited by 80 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…13a and b). Such characteristics are consistent with common behavior of halite-saturated inclusions in magmatichydrothermal ore systems (Bouzari and Clark, 2006;Jiang et al, 2014) and attributed to the supersaturation of NaCl in fluids before the entrapment and/or homogenous trapping of initial fluids at high pressures (Rusk et al, 2008) or inhomogeneous entrapment of a halite-saturated hydrothermal brine . Furthermore, other parameters such as post-entrapment H 2 O loss or volume shrinkage should be taken into account (Shen et al, 2010;Sterner et al, 1988).…”

Section: Characters Of the Mineralizing Fluid And Its Evolutionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Geochemistry and fluid characteristics of the Dalli porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Central Iran

Zarasvandi

Rezaei

Raith

et al. 2015

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

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Section: Characters Of the Mineralizing Fluid And Its Evolutionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Geochemistry and fluid characteristics of the Dalli porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Central Iran

Zarasvandi

Rezaei

Raith

et al. 2015

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

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“…10). Equating chlorite-sericite alterationthe abbreviated name used by for the sericite-clay-chlorite (SCC) of Sillitoe and Gappe (1984) -with Meyer and Hemley's (1967) low-temperature intermediate argillic type (e.g., Sillitoe, 2000;Seedorff et al, 2005;Bouzari and Clark, 2006) causes confusion and should probably be discontinued. Phyllic (Lowell and Guilbert, 1970) and sericitic are synonyms.…”

Section: Alteration-mineralization Zoning In Porphyry Cu Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porphyry Copper Systems

Sillitoe¹

2010

Economic Geology

2,585

1,073

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Porphyry Cu systems host some of the most widely distributed mineralization types at convergent plate boundaries, including porphyry deposits centered on intrusions; skarn, carbonate-replacement, and sedimenthosted Au deposits in increasingly peripheral locations; and superjacent high-and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposits. The systems commonly define linear belts, some many hundreds of kilometers long, as well as occurring less commonly in apparent isolation. The systems are closely related to underlying composite plutons, at paleodepths of 5 to 15 km, which represent the supply chambers for the magmas and fluids that formed the vertically elongate (>3 km) stocks or dike swarms and associated mineralization. The plutons may erupt volcanic rocks, but generally prior to initiation of the systems. Commonly, several discrete stocks are emplaced in and above the pluton roof zones, resulting in either clusters or structurally controlled alignments of porphyry Cu systems. The rheology and composition of the host rocks may strongly influence the size, grade, and type of mineralization generated in porphyry Cu systems. Individual systems have life spans of ~100,000 to several million years, whereas deposit clusters or alignments as well as entire belts may remain active for 10 m.y. or longer. The alteration and mineralization in porphyry Cu systems, occupying many cubic kilometers of rock, are zoned outward from the stocks or dike swarms, which typically comprise several generations of intermediate to felsic porphyry intrusions. Porphyry Cu ± Au ± Mo deposits are centered on the intrusions, whereas carbonate wall rocks commonly host proximal Cu-Au skarns, less common distal Zn-Pb and/or Au skarns, and, beyond the skarn front, carbonate-replacement Cu and/or Zn-Pb-Ag ± Au deposits, and/or sediment-hosted (distal-disseminated) Au deposits. Peripheral mineralization is less conspicuous in noncarbonate wall rocks but may include base metal-or Au-bearing veins and mantos. High-sulfidation epithermal deposits may occur in lithocaps above porphyry Cu deposits, where massive sulfide lodes tend to develop in deeper feeder structures and Au ± Ag-rich, disseminated deposits within the uppermost 500 m or so. Less commonly, intermediatesulfidation epithermal mineralization, chiefly veins, may develop on the peripheries of the lithocaps. The alteration-mineralization in the porphyry Cu deposits is zoned upward from barren, early sodic-calcic through potentially ore-grade potassic, chlorite-sericite, and sericitic, to advanced argillic, the last of these constituting the lithocaps, which may attain >1 km in thickness if unaffected by significant erosion. Low sulfidation-state chalcopyrite ± bornite assemblages are characteristic of potassic zones, whereas higher sulfidation-state sulfides are generated progressively upward in concert with temperature decline and the concomitant greater degrees of hydrolytic alteration, culminating in pyrite ± enargite ± covellite in the shallow parts of the lithocaps. The porphyry Cu minerali...

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“…The pressure calculated by the equation from Driesner and Heinrich () shows a range from 200 to 400 bar. While the pseudo‐secondary fluid inclusions are not typical boiling fluid inclusion assemblages, this pressure is assumed to be the minimal pressure of the fluid mixing process (Bouzari & Clark, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth and Rare Metal Elements Mobility and Mineralization During Magmatic and Fluid Evolution in Alkaline Granite System: Evidence from Fluid and Melt Inclusions in Baerzhe Granite, China

et al. 2013

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Baerzhe Be-Nb-Zr-REE deposit is hosted in alkaline granite (125 Ma) which intrudes in the late Jurassic Baiyingaolao Formation in the middle of the Great Hinggan Metallogenic Belt in China. The ore-forming granite consists of three lithological facies: arfvedsonite-bearing alkaline granite at the bottom, aegirine-bearing albite aplite in the middle and pegmatite crust on the top. The albite aplite is the main orebody. We recognized three magmatic-hydrothermal stages: orthomagmatic stage, late-magmatic stage and hydrothermal stage, with the late-magmatic stage being divided into two substages, the pegmatite substage and the aplite substage. Petrographic study on the granite, the microthermometric study on fluid inclusions and in situ laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis for quartz-hosted melt inclusions reveal the process of magmatic-hydrothermal evolution. The finding indicates that primary magma evolved to more peralkaline by fractional crystallization, with synchronously increasing high field strength elements. An extremely high content of Zr and Nb are in the melt inclusions from last stage albite aplite (Zr, min 52 548 ppm, and Nb, min 4104 ppm). This implies that the residual magma directly formed the orebody of rare metal elements. Meanwhile, volatility was increasing during the magma evolution process and F-bearing aqueous fluid was oversaturated at temperatures higher than 800°C. The separation of fluid from magma caused Li-REE enrichment in F-bearing fluid and depletion in residual melt, and led to the difference of the Y/Ho ratio between whole rock compositions and melt inclusion data. Fluid separated into a high-salinity liquid and a low density vapor phase above 697°C, and enriched REE in the high-salinity liquid. The oxygen isotope data shows mixing between primary magmatic-hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water. The ubiquitous pseudo-secondary fluid inclusions have a wide range of salinity below 462°C, which is similar to the melting temperatures of REE-bearing daughter minerals. A model involving the mixing by meteoric water could be a mechanism for precipitation of REE minerals.

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Prograde Evolution and Geothermal Affinities of a Major Porphyry Copper Deposit: The Cerro Colorado Hypogene Protore, I Region, Northern Chile

Cited by 80 publications

References 76 publications

Geochemistry and fluid characteristics of the Dalli porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Central Iran

Geochemistry and fluid characteristics of the Dalli porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Central Iran

Porphyry Copper Systems

Rare Earth and Rare Metal Elements Mobility and Mineralization During Magmatic and Fluid Evolution in Alkaline Granite System: Evidence from Fluid and Melt Inclusions in Baerzhe Granite, China

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