Prognostic Influence of Preoperative Mammographic Breast Density in Operable Invasive Female Breast Cancer

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the potential of preoperative mammographic breast density (MBD) as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Data of 969 patients with primary breast cancer were analyzed. We defined low MBD as fatty or fibroglandular breast, and high MBD as heterogeneously dense or extremely dense breast, respectively. The high MBD group demonstrated a superior overall survival rate compared to the low MBD group (p < 0.001). Favorable prognostic effects of high MBD were observed in subgroups aged >50 years (p < 0.001) and with positive hormone receptor (HRc) and negative human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (p < 0.001). The high MBD group had a higher proportion of patients aged ≤50 years (p < 0.001) and patients with body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2 (p < 0.001), and a higher proportion of patients who received chemotherapy (p < 0.001). MBD was a significant independent prognostic factor by multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 0.382; 95% confidence interval, 0.206–0.708). The high MBD group was associated with superior overall survival rates. Preoperative MBD was a strong independent prognostic factor in operable primary invasive female breast cancer, especially in patients with age >50 years and the HRc(+)/HER2(−) subtype. Favorable clinicopathologic features, active treatments, and other factors could contribute to this causality.

Circularly Polarized Manipulations with VO2‐Doped Dielectric Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Absorption

“…The grazing light is initially coupled to the top cavity, and then influx into the other cavity after multiple transmissions and reflections, subsequently repeating the previous process. By modifying the isolation thickness t = 20 µm (keep h stable for the variable‐controlling) to satisfy the transmission phase Ψ noted as [ 40,41 ] $$\begin{equation}\psi = \Phi \left( {{r_{12}}} \right) + \Phi \left( {{r_{21}}} \right) + {\Phi _0} - 2\beta = 2n\pi ,\quad \,\left| n \right| = 0,\,1,\,2 \cdots \end{equation}$$where Ψ is the round‐trip propagation phase. For double‐layer resonant structures, Φ ( r 12 ) and Φ ( r 21 ) refer to the phases of reflection coefficients at the back upper and the front lower resonators.…”

“…In other words, the external electric field is coincidentally parallel to the gap between the two TiO 2 bricks, bringing about the peripheral potential difference that triggers the reverse current circulations, producing electrical local effects via the backplane. To go a further step, this pair of anti‐rotation current loops will wake up anti‐parallel magnetic dipole moments, which gives rise to the toroidal dipole moment [ 41 ] characterized by head‐to‐tail magnetic field vectors (proved later). However, this vertical configuration is poor at coupling electric fields compared with the horizontal state, functioning as a sub‐radiative (dark) mode in EIT, supported by the weak oscillating current intensity on bricks.…”

“…The grazing light is initially coupled to the top cavity, and then influx into the other cavity after multiple transmissions and reflections, subsequently repeating the previous process. By modifying the isolation thickness t = 20 μm (keep h stable for the variable-controlling) to satisfy the transmission phase Ψ noted as [40,41]…”

Mammographic breast density and survival in women with invasive breast cancer

“…(percentage of glandular tissue < 10%) was an independent, poor prognostic factor even after correcting for possible confounders (HR 3.28 95% CI 1.75-6.13 compared to the remaining patients) [20]. In a Korean study on 969 patients with primary operable invasive BC, the high-density group (BI-RADS 3-4) had a higher overall survival compared to the lower one (BI-RADS 1-2) after adjustment for 14 factors including nine clinicopathologic factors and five treatment factors (HR 0.38 95% CI 0.21-0.71) [21]. A cohort study on 989 BC patients aged 50-69 identified within the Danish mammography screening program showed that patients with dense breast (BI-RADS 3-4), compared to those with fatty breast (BI-RADS 1-2), had a lower case fatality (case fatality rate ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.43-0.84), as well as a reduced risk of BC death (age-adjusted RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34-0.82) [22].…”

Mammographic breast density and survival in women with invasive breast cancer

“…In a Finnish analysis assessed on 270 patients aged 32 to 86 with newly diagnosed BC, very low BD at the time of diagnosis (percentage of glandular tissue <10% ) was an independent, poor prognostic factor even after correcting for possible confounders (HR 3.28 95% CI 1.75-6.13 compared to the remaining patients) [19]. In a Korean study on 969 patients with primary operable invasive BC, the high density group (BI-RADS 3-4) demonstrated a superior overall survival compared to the lower one (BI-RADS 1-2) after adjustment for 14 factors including nine clinicopathologic factors and ve treatment factors (HR 0.38 95% CI 0.21-0.71) [20]. A cohort study on 989 BC patients aged 50-69 identi ed within the Danish mammography screening program showed that patients with dense breast (BI-RADS 3-4), compared to those with fatty breast (BI-RADS 1-2), had a lower case fatality (case fatality rate ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.43-0.84), as well as a reduced risk of BC death (age-adjusted RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34-0.82) [21].…”