Progestogens: Symptomatic and Metabolic Side Effects

Montgomery, J. C.; Crook, David

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1799-5_16

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…It is, however, possible that the addition of progestogen in opposed preparations might reduce the protective effect of unopposed oestrogen against cardiovascular disease because the progestogens most widely used in opposed preparations have potentially adverse effects on blood lipids. 3 The likelihood that the proportion of postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy will increase considerably over the next decade emphasises the importance of establishing the relative benefits and hazards of different regimens as conclusively as possible. The survey described here sought to establish current practice in prescribing hormone replacement therapy among general practitioners in the Medical Research Council's general practice research framework, the factors that might influence their future prescribing patterns, and, in particular, their willingness or otherwise to take part in randomised trials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework.

Wilkes

Meade

1991

BMJ

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework.

Wilkes

Meade

1991

BMJ

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“…The use of progesterone has been limited because of poor absorption when given orally, for it is metabolised by bacterial, intestinal and hepatic enzymes, such that only a small fraction of the original dose of progesterone is active 6 . A number of synthetic progestogens have therefore been developed which are active when taken orally, but their pharmacological effects are not identical to those of progesterone and often cause irritability, depression, mood swings, headaches, bloating, weight gain, acne, abnormal plasma lipids, and adverse effects on glucose and insulin metabolism 7 . In order to circumvent these progestogenic side effects, attempts have been made to administer progesterone in other ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women

Carey

Patel

et al. 2000

BJOG

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Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics of a progesterone cream following short and long term Design Single-centre, randomised, multiple-dose, open-label study.Setting Reproductive Medicine Trust, London.Population Twenty-four healthy postmenopausal women aged between 40 and 65 years were recruited through an advertisement in a local newspaper. MethodsThe women were randomly allocated to progesterone cream 40 mg daily or 20 mg, twice daily, for 42 days. Main outcome measuresThe concentration of progesterone in the serum was measured on days 1 and 42 before the morning dose, and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the morning dose. Serum follicle stimulating hormone, oestradiol, testosterone and urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide were also measured on days l and 42.Results Three subjects dropped out before using the cream and two more dropped out after the first treatment leaving a reportable sample of 19 women. There was a rise in the mean progesterone concentration at each sampling time between days 1 and 42. There was evidence of a rise in pregnanediol-3-glucuronide over the course of the study. There was no change in follicle stimulating hormone, oestradiol or testosterone. There was no difference between the two regimens.Conclusions Transdermal progesterone (40 mg) per day for 42 days causes a small increase in serum progesterone concentration, although there is wide variation. Whether such levels are of clinical benefit remains to be seen.dermal administration.

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Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk: the cardiovascular physicians' viewpoint

Lip

Beevers

Zarifis

1995

Journal of Internal Medicine

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. Sufficient evidence has accumulated showing that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) does protect against cardiovascular disease in women, although data regarding the true magnitude of that protection remains incomplete. There is no evidence that HRT increases the risk of hypertension or thromboembolism, and beneficial effects have been found for plasma lipids, clotting factors and cardiovascular haemodynamics. However, the evidence is not convincing of any beneficial effect of HRT in preventing strokes, and concerns about the risk of cancer with HRT remain. Despite this, considerable uncertainty continues to exist amongst clinicians as to the balance of beneficial and harmful effects from administering HRT. Overall, HRT seems to do no harm and may be protective. A much greater awareness of the long‐term consequences of the menopause and the potential benefits of HRT should be encouraged so that women (and their doctors) can make informed decisions about their requirements.

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Progestogens: Symptomatic and Metabolic Side Effects

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework.

Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework.

A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women

Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk: the cardiovascular physicians' viewpoint

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