Profiling Refined Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Polar Components

Rostad, Colleen E.; Hostettler, Frances D.

doi:10.1080/15275920601180677

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Detection has employed, in general, low-resolution triplequadrupole MS and ion trap technology; along with medium mass resolution time-of-flight MS (TOF-MS). Ionization methods typically encountered for such applications are conventional electron impact ionization for the GC-MS or 2D GC-MS applications; along with APCI (Hsu et al, 2000), and ESI (Hsu et al, 2000;Qian et al, 2001;Headley et al, 2002aHeadley et al, , 2007Rudzinski, Oehlers, & Zhang, 2002;Lo, Brownlee, & Bunce, 2003;Kim et al, 2005;Hemmingsen et al, 2006;Lo, Brownlee, & Bunce, 2006;Stanford et al, 2006Stanford et al, , 2007Rostad & Hostettler, 2007;Teravainen et al, 2007) for LC applications. Developments and trends in the MS for these respective areas are reviewed in turn below.…”

Section: Gas and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some naphthenic acids are known to be weakly biodegradable, and are therefore well suited for use in identification of oil source maturation (Meredith, Kelland, & Jones, 2000;Headley et al, 2002b). The acids are also useful for fingerprinting fuel spills in the environment because they are more resistant to weathering than the non-polar alkane, isoprenoid, and alkylcyclohexane hydrocarbons (Rostad & Hostettler, 2007). While it is noted that ''naphthenic acids'' are not specifically mentioned by Rostad and Hostettler (2007), the polar acids discussed by the researchers likely contain naphthenic acids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass spectrometric characterization of naphthenic acids in environmental samples: A review

Headley

Peru

Barrow

2008

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

151

124

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There is a growing need to develop mass spectrometric methods for the characterization of oil sands naphthenic acids (structural formulae described by C(n)H(2n+z)O(2) where n is the number of carbon atoms and "z" is referred to as the "hydrogen deficiency" and is equal to zero, or is a negative, even integer) present in environmental samples. This interest stems from the need to better understand their contribution to the total acid number of oil sands acids; along with assessing their toxicity in aquatic environments. Negative-ion electrospray ionization has emerged as the analytical technique of choice. For infusion samples, matrix effects are particularly evident for quantification in the presence of salts and co-elutants. However, such effects can be minimized for methods that employ chromatographic separation prior to mass spectrometry (MS) detection. There have been several advances for accurate identification of classes of naphthenic acid components that employ a range of MS hyphenated techniques. General trends measured for degradation of the NAs in the environment appear to be similar to those obtained with either low- or high-resolution MS. Future MS research will likely focus on (i) development of more reliable quantitative methods that use chromatography and internal standards, (ii) the utility of representative model naphthenic acids as surrogates for the complex NA mixtures, and (iii) development of congener-specific analysis of the principal toxic components.

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Section: Gas and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometric characterization of naphthenic acids in environmental samples: A review

Headley

Peru

Barrow

2008

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

151

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…ESI combined with quadrupole mass spectrometry has been used for the investigation of diesel samples with a focus on results from negative ion mass spectra [14][15][16] . Selective ionization combined with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry is not often used for the analysis of middle distillate fractions such as diesel and only a limited number of examples can be found in literature [17][18][19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Trace Polar Species Present in Diesel Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Selective Ionization Techniques

et al. 2015

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The trace polar species present in diesel were investigated by combining selective ionization with high resolution mass spectrometry. To eliminate matrix effects, the polar fraction was extracted using methanol and direct infusion with electrospray ionization and mass analysis were performed. The advantages and limitations of time-of-flight mass spectrometry and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for diesel analysis were discussed.Complementary information was obtained by considering both positive and negative ion mass spectra in terms of compounds that form part of the inherent fuel composition and compounds that represent fuel additives. Additionally, diluted fuels were separated by gas chromatography prior to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass analysis. Results showed that a large portion of unsaturated polycyclic hydrocarbons were not detected during direct infusion experiments, indicating that these species were not extracted efficiently with methanol and/or ionized efficiently with electrospray.

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“…in mass spectrometry (MS) has revolutionized the study of proteins and peptides and contributed significantly to biological and biomedical research. In contrast to ionization techniques such as fast atom bombardment (FAB), electron impact (EI), and thermal ionization that tend to fragment large molecules, ESI and MALDI minimize fragmentation, hence making them appropriate for analysis of biomolecules [3,4], polymeric macromolecules [5], and the study of the environmental implications of hazardous materials [6]. The operating principle of ESI is that it generates charged droplets from the tip of a static conical liquid structure [7] known as Taylor's cone [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-frequency AC electrospray ionization source for mass spectrometry of biomolecules

Chetwani

Cassou

et al. 2010

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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A novel high-frequency alternating current (AC) electrospray ionization (ESI) source has been developed for applications in mass spectrometry. The AC ESI source operates in a conical meniscus mode, analogous to the cone-jet mode of direct current (DC) electrosprays but with significant physical and mechanistic differences. In this stable conical-meniscus mode at frequencies greater than 50 kHz, the low mobility ions, which can either be cations or anions, are entrained within the liquid cone and ejected as droplets that eventually form molecular ions, thus making AC ESI a viable tool for both negative and positive mode mass spectrometry. The performance of the AC ESI source is qualitatively shown to be frequency-dependent and, for larger bio-molecules, the AC ESI source produced an ion signal intensity that is an order of magnitude higher than its DC counterpart. in mass spectrometry (MS) has revolutionized the study of proteins and peptides and contributed significantly to biological and biomedical research. In contrast to ionization techniques such as fast atom bombardment (FAB), electron impact (EI), and thermal ionization that tend to fragment large molecules, ESI and MALDI minimize fragmentation, hence making them appropriate for analysis of biomolecules [3,4], polymeric macromolecules [5], and the study of the environmental implications of hazardous materials [6]. The operating principle of ESI is that it generates charged droplets from the tip of a static conical liquid structure [7] known as Taylor's cone [8]. These charged droplets, containing analyte molecules present in the liquid, eventually form molecular ions by either multiple Raleigh fission events or, alternatively, via the charge residue mechanism [9]. In this study, we introduce another variant of ESI that is obtained by application of high-frequency alternating current (AC) potential to generate charged droplets for mass spectrometry.In previous studies by the authors' group, it has been shown that in a certain window of frequency-voltage phase space, a steady, slender conical meniscus [10 -12] is obtained using a high-frequency AC electrospray. As shown in Figure 1b, these AC cones, which have a half cone angle of ϳ11°and exhibit a continuous longitudinal growth in time are significantly different from static DC Taylor cones (with half cone angle ϳ49°), pulsating electrosprays [13], or low-frequency (Ͻ10 kHz) AC electrosprays [14] (Supplementary Material showing an AC cone of ethanol solvent at an applied AC potential of frequency 80 kHz and magnitude ϳ 5.5 kV (peak to peak) along with the preliminary sensitivity curve and positive mode mass spectra of cytochrome c, which can be found in the electronic version of this article). The formation of the AC cone is due to the difference in the mobility of liquid phase anions and cations that leads to a build up of the low mobility species in the cone because of insufficient time to relax onto the surface of the meniscus when the AC signal switches polarity-a condition induced when the inverse r...

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Profiling Refined Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Polar Components

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Mass spectrometric characterization of naphthenic acids in environmental samples: A review

Mass spectrometric characterization of naphthenic acids in environmental samples: A review

Investigating the Trace Polar Species Present in Diesel Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Selective Ionization Techniques

High-frequency AC electrospray ionization source for mass spectrometry of biomolecules

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