Production Yield of Muon-Induced Neutrons in Lead

Kluck, H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18527-9

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(467 reference statements)

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“…The production of muon-induced neutrons has been investigated for different materials and at different depths for many years [9]. In this paper, the focus is on lead as a target material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complementary to the underground experiments on neutrons induced by cosmic muons, two accelerator based experiments measured muon-induced neutron 12 15 G. V. Gorshkov(1974) [10] 16 50 I. Abt (2017) [11] and this work 20 7.6 M. F. Crouch (1952) [12][13] 40 10 G. V. Gorshkov (1971) [14] 58 -a Holborn (1965) [15] 60 10 L. Bergamasco (1970) [16] 80 10 G. V. Gorshkov (1971) [14] 110 10 L. Bergamasco (1970) [16] 150 10, 16 Gorshkov (1968[17], 1971 [18]) 800 10 G. V. Gorshkov (1971) [14] 2850 -b Boulby (2008 [8], 2013 [19]) 4300 35 L. Bergamasco (1973) [20] 4800 10 LSM (2013) [9] a The lead was mixed with rock and the neutron spectrum was measured with low statistical significance. b The target was the whole lead shielding system of the ZEPLIN-II and ZEPLIN-III experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct measurement of neutrons induced in lead by cosmic muons at a shallow underground site

Abt

Empl

et al. 2018

Astroparticle Physics

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Neutron production in lead by cosmic muons has been studied with a Gadolinium doped liquid scintillator detector. The detector was installed next to the Muon-Induced Neutron Indirect Detection EXperiment (MINIDEX), permanently located in the Tübingen shallow underground laboratory where the mean muon energy is approximately 7 GeV. The MINIDEX plastic scintillators were used to tag muons; the neutrons were detected through neutron capture and neutron-induced nuclear recoil signals in the liquid scintillator detector. Results on the rates of observed neutron captures and nuclear recoils are presented and compared to predictions from GEANT4-9.6 and GEANT4-10.3. The predicted rates are significantly too low for both versions of GEANT4. For neutron capture events, the observation exceeds the predictions by factors of 1.65 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.07 (syst.) and 2.58 ± 0.03 (stat.) ± 0.11 (syst.) for GEANT4-9.6 and GEANT4-10.3, respectively. For neutron nuclear recoil events, which require neutron energies above approximately 5 MeV, the factors are even larger, 2.22 ± 0.05 (stat.) ± 0.25 (syst.) and 3.76 ± 0.09 (stat.) ± 0.41 (syst.), respectively. Also presented is the first statistically significant measurement of the spectrum of neutrons induced by cosmic muons in lead between 5 and 40 MeV. It was obtained by unfolding the nuclear recoil spectrum. The observed neutron spectrum is harder than predicted by GEANT4. An investigation of the distribution of the time difference between muon tags and nuclear recoil signals confirms the validity of the unfolding procedure and shows that GEANT4 cannot properly describe the time distribution of nuclear recoil events. In general, the description of the data is worse for GEANT4-10.3 than for GEANT4-9.6.

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“…The production of muon-induced neutrons has been investigated for different materials and at different depths for many years [9]. In this paper, the focus is on lead as a target material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct measurement of neutrons induced in lead by cosmic muons at a shallow underground site

Abt

Empl

et al. 2018

Astroparticle Physics

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“…Single-muon events are generated according to the model described in Ref. [17]. The azimuthal φ μ distribution is considered to be uniform.…”

Section: Cosmic Muon Flux Parametrizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cosmic muon and detector simulation framework of the extreme energy events (EEE) experiment

et al. 2021

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This paper describes the simulation framework of the extreme energy events (EEE) experiment. EEE is a network of cosmic muon trackers, each made of three multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPC), able to precisely measure the absolute muon crossing time and the muon integrated angular flux at the ground level. The response of a single MRPC and the combination of three chambers have been implemented in a GEANT4-based framework (GEMC) to study the telescope response. The detector geometry, as well as details about the surrounding materials and the location of the telescopes have been included in the simulations in order to realistically reproduce the experimental set-up of each telescope. A model based on the latest parametrization of the cosmic muon flux has been used to generate single muon events. After validating the framework by comparing simulations to selected EEE telescope data, it has been used to determine detector parameters not accessible by analysing experimental data only, such as detection efficiency, angular and spatial resolution.

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“…In order to obtain a realistic neutron yield, discrepancies between the measured and the simulated observable need to be considered. Typically the neutron yield determined by simulation, Y Sim , is scaled with F S , the mismatch ratio between the measured and the simulated observable [5,6,22]:…”

Section: External Neutron Yield Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Geant4 [4] each version and chosen physics list 1 may yield different results. Only a small number of measurements of muon-induced neutrons produced in high-Z materials are available, which can be used to evaluate and tune simulations tools [5,6]. The goal of the MINIDEX [7] (Muon-Induced Neutron Indirect Detection EXperiment) project is to provide reliable experimental data sets of muon-induced neutrons for different high-Z materials which are commonly used in low-background experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muon-induced neutrons in lead and copper at shallow depth

Kneißl

Caldwell

et al. 2019

Astroparticle Physics

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Next generation low-background experiments require a detailed understanding of all possible radiation backgrounds. One important radiation source are muon-induced neutrons. Their production processes are up to now not fully understood. New measurements with MINIDEX (Muon-Induced Neutron Indirect Detection EXperiment) of the production of neutrons by cosmogenic muons in high-Z materials are reported. The setup is located at the Tübingen Shallow Underground Laboratory, which provides a vertical shielding depth of (13.2 ± 0.8) meter water equivalent at the setup location. Muon-induced neutrons are identified by the detection of 2.2 MeV gammas from their capture on hydrogen with high-purity germanium detectors.The experimental results were compared to Geant4 Monte Carlo predictions. The measured rate of 2.2 MeV neutron capture gammas for lead was found to be in good agreement with the Geant4 predicted rate. An external neutron yield of (7.2 + 0.7 − 0.6 ) · 10 −5 g −1 cm 2 neutrons per tagged muon was determined for lead with the help of Geant4. For copper the measured rate was found to be a factor of 0.72 ± 0.14 lower than the Geant4 predicted rate. Using this factor an external neutron yield of (2.1 ± 0.4) · 10 −5 g −1 cm 2 neutrons per tagged muon was obtained for copper.An additional simulation was performed using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. The FLUKA predicted rate of detected 2.2 MeV neutron capture gammas for lead was also found to be in good agreement with the experimental value. A detailed comparison of muon interactions and neutron production in lead for Geant4 and FLUKA revealed large discrepancies in the description of photo-nuclear and muon-nuclear inelastic scattering reactions for muon energies at shallow underground sites. These results suggest that Geant4, when used with Geant4 recommended or standard physics lists, underpredicts the neutron production in photo-nuclear inelastic scattering reactions while at the same time it overpredicts the neutron production in muon-nuclear inelastic scattering reactions.

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Production Yield of Muon-Induced Neutrons in Lead

Cited by 8 publications

References 88 publications

Direct measurement of neutrons induced in lead by cosmic muons at a shallow underground site

Direct measurement of neutrons induced in lead by cosmic muons at a shallow underground site

The cosmic muon and detector simulation framework of the extreme energy events (EEE) experiment

Muon-induced neutrons in lead and copper at shallow depth

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