Muon-induced neutrons in lead and copper at shallow depth

Abstract

Next generation low-background experiments require a detailed understanding of all possible radiation backgrounds. One important radiation source are muon-induced neutrons. Their production processes are up to now not fully understood. New measurements with MINIDEX (Muon-Induced Neutron Indirect Detection EXperiment) of the production of neutrons by cosmogenic muons in high-Z materials are reported. The setup is located at the Tübingen Shallow Underground Laboratory, which provides a vertical shielding depth of (13.2 ± 0.8) meter water equivalent at the setup location. Muon-induced neutrons are identified by the detection of 2.2 MeV gammas from their capture on hydrogen with high-purity germanium detectors.The experimental results were compared to Geant4 Monte Carlo predictions. The measured rate of 2.2 MeV neutron capture gammas for lead was found to be in good agreement with the Geant4 predicted rate. An external neutron yield of (7.2 + 0.7 − 0.6 ) · 10 −5 g −1 cm 2 neutrons per tagged muon was determined for lead with the help of Geant4. For copper the measured rate was found to be a factor of 0.72 ± 0.14 lower than the Geant4 predicted rate. Using this factor an external neutron yield of (2.1 ± 0.4) · 10 −5 g −1 cm 2 neutrons per tagged muon was obtained for copper.An additional simulation was performed using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. The FLUKA predicted rate of detected 2.2 MeV neutron capture gammas for lead was also found to be in good agreement with the experimental value. A detailed comparison of muon interactions and neutron production in lead for Geant4 and FLUKA revealed large discrepancies in the description of photo-nuclear and muon-nuclear inelastic scattering reactions for muon energies at shallow underground sites. These results suggest that Geant4, when used with Geant4 recommended or standard physics lists, underpredicts the neutron production in photo-nuclear inelastic scattering reactions while at the same time it overpredicts the neutron production in muon-nuclear inelastic scattering reactions.

Neutron flux and spectrum in the Dresden Felsenkeller underground facility studied by moderated He3 counters

“…At a shallow depth such as the one of this study, it is expected [29,32] that (μ, n) dominate over (α, n) neutrons. It is noted that the opposite is true for deep-underground laboratories, where instead (α, n) neutrons dominate.…”

“…rock overburden. More recent work by the same group also included FLUKA simulations and showed a good match of simulation and data [29]. Earlier work in deep-underground settings reported a good match between simulation and data both for GEANT4 [20] and FLUKA [64].…”

“…Other work, for example, concentrates on thermal neutrons [22,23], shows only one [24] to three energy bins [25] or a limited energy range [26], or does not present a deconvoluted neutron energy spectrum [27]. It was reported that the flux of muon-induced neutrons seems to be underpredicted by GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations with the standard physics list [28], whereas FLUKA simulations seemed to fare better [29].…”

A Passive Shield for the RED-100 Neutrino Detector

“…• the specific yield of neutron production per cosmic muon for lead is (7.2 ± 0.7) × 10 -5 g -1 cm 2 , which is more than 3 times higher than the corresponding value for copper, i.e., (2.1 ± 0.4) × 10 -5 g -1 cm 2 [20];…”

Submarine Navigation using Neutrinos

“…Two possible cases are simulated, a shallow case with the spectrum of muons at 13 m.w.e. (metres water equivalent) from [17], and a deeper case at ∼250 m.w.e. taken from [18].…”