Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal and dry biomass – A technology review from 1950 to 2009

Kopyscinski, Jan; Schildhauer, Tilman J.; Biollaz, Serge M.A.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.027

Cited by 847 publications

(550 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Reduction of the harmful effect of these emissions through reclamation of CO 2 is made attractive because CO 2 can be a zero-or even negative-cost carbon feedstock 6,7 . The conversion of renewably produced hydrogen and CO 2 into methane, or synthetic natural gas, over Ni is a solution that combines the potential to reduce CO 2 emissions with a direct answer to the temporal mismatch in renewable electricity production capacity and demand [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . Chemical energy storage in the form of hydrogen production by electrolysis is a relatively mature technology; however, the required costly infrastructure, and inefficiencies in distribution and storage deem it inconvenient for large-scale application in the near future.…”

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confidence: 99%

Unravelling structure sensitivity in CO2 hydrogenation over nickel

et al. 2018

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T he reduction of CO 2 emissions into the Earth's atmosphere is gaining legislative importance in view of its impact on the climate [1][2][3][4][5] . Reduction of the harmful effect of these emissions through reclamation of CO 2 is made attractive because CO 2 can be a zero-or even negative-cost carbon feedstock 6,7 . The conversion of renewably produced hydrogen and CO 2 into methane, or synthetic natural gas, over Ni is a solution that combines the potential to reduce CO 2 emissions with a direct answer to the temporal mismatch in renewable electricity production capacity and demand [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . Chemical energy storage in the form of hydrogen production by electrolysis is a relatively mature technology; however, the required costly infrastructure, and inefficiencies in distribution and storage deem it inconvenient for large-scale application in the near future. Point-source CO 2 hydrogenation to methane represents an alternative approach with higher energy density. Furthermore, methane is more easily liquefied and can be stored safely in large quantities through infrastructures that already exist 18,19 . Power-to-gas (in this case methane) is thus actively considered as being capable of balancing electric grid stability, which will allow us to increase the renewable energy supply 20 .The search for fossil fuel alternatives, and application of a process such as that described above can arguably be achieved only with the help of advances in catalysis and the closely related field of nanomaterials. Continuous efforts in both fields have allowed us to make increasingly smaller and catalytically more active (metal) particles. However, it is already known that making progressively smaller supported catalyst particles does not necessarily linearly correspond to higher catalytic activity [21][22][23] . This phenomenon, where not all atoms in a supported metal catalyst have the same activity, is called structure sensitivity and is often attributed to the distinctly different chemistries on different lattice planes for π -bond activation in CO 2 , or σ -bond activation in, for example H 2 dissociation and C-H propagation 21,24 . The availability of stepped (less coordinated) versus terrace (more coordinated) sites on the surface of supported catalyst nanoparticles obviously changes with particle size, and atomic geometries become particularly interesting below 2 nm where, for example, π -bond activation is believed to not be able to occur 21 . While particle-size effects have been extensively studied for CO hydrogenation over Co 23,25 , the understanding of such structure sensitivity effects for these critical smaller metal particle sizes is lacking as sub-2-nm particles prove difficult to synthesize for first-row transition metals (Co, Fe and Ni). However, a particle-size effect for CO 2 hydrogenation is much less well established 26 .Here, we used a unique set of SiO 2 -supported Ni nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 1 to 7 nm in size, and show not only the existence of a distinct pa...

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Unravelling structure sensitivity in CO2 hydrogenation over nickel

et al. 2018

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“…After removal of the water the methane is cleaned and can be provided as pure methane. The produced methane is often referred to as synthetic natural gas (SNG) (Kopyscinski et al, 2010). The overall efficiency of such an overall process on an energy basis lies in the range of 60% to 65%.…”

Section: Heat Induced Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

REVIEW OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION – FEEDSTOCK, PROCESSES AND MARKETS — Review Article

Neuling¹

2017

JOPR

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“…In 2014, the consumption of natural gas in China increased to 197.3 billion cubic meters, with a growth rate of 30.9% every year in the last decade (BP 2016). Recently, the consumption of natural gas has raised a serious concern regarding its depletion because of its limited reserves (Kopyscinski et al 2010;Huo et al 2013), in comparison, coal is considered as a much more abundant energy resource in many countries. The production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal has been developed to be a potential route to circumvent the limited supply of natural gas, especially in China (Li et al 2014a, b;Lu et al 2014).…”

Section: List Of Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worthwhile to mention, in order to enhance the CO conversion and CH 4 yield during industry processes, an even higher H 2 /CO ratio is usually used. For instance, the H 2 /CO ratio of the Lurgi process for methanation was optimized at about 3.2, and that of the Topsøe Recycle Energy Efficient Methanation (TREMP) process reached about 3.5 (Kopyscinski et al 2010). More amount of CO needs to be converted to produce H 2 by WGS reaction in order to get a high H 2 /CO ratio, which results in the high operating cost and energy consumption.…”

Section: List Of Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO hydrogenation combined with water-gas-shift reaction for synthetic natural gas production: a thermodynamic and experimental study

Meng

et al. 2017

Int J Coal Sci Technol

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The hydrogenation of CO to synthetic natural gas (SNG) needs a high molar ratio of H 2 /CO (usually large than 3.0 in industry), which consumes a large abundant of hydrogen. The reverse dry reforming reaction (RDR, 2H 2 ? 2CO $ CH 4 ? CO 2 ), combining CO methanation with water-gas-shift reaction, can significantly decrease the H 2 /CO molar ratio to 1 for SNG production. A detailed thermodynamic analysis of RDR reaction was carried out based on the Gibbs free energy minimization method. The effect of temperature, pressure, H 2 /CO ratio and the addition of H 2 O, CH 4 , CO 2 , O 2 and C 2 H 4 into the feed gas on CO conversion, CH 4 and CO 2 selectivity, as well as CH 4 and carbon yield, are discussed. Experimental results obtained on homemade impregnated Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst are compared with the calculations. The results demonstrate that low temperature (200-500°C), high pressure (1-5 MPa) and high H 2 /CO ratio (at least 1) promote CO conversion and CH 4 selectivity and decrease carbon yield. Steam and CO 2 in the feed gas decrease the CH 4 selectivity and carbon yield, and enhance the CO 2 content. Extra CH 4 elevates the CH 4 content in the products, but leads to more carbon formation at high temperatures. O 2 significantly decreases the CH 4 selectivity and C 2 H 4 results in the generation of carbon.Keywords Synthetic natural gas Á Reverse dry reforming of methane Á Gibbs free energy minimization Á Experimental study Á CO conversion List of symbols A k Total mass of k element in the feed f i H Standard-state fugacity of species i (Pa) f i

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Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal and dry biomass – A technology review from 1950 to 2009

Cited by 847 publications

References 27 publications

Unravelling structure sensitivity in CO2 hydrogenation over nickel

Unravelling structure sensitivity in CO2 hydrogenation over nickel

REVIEW OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION – FEEDSTOCK, PROCESSES AND MARKETS — Review Article

CO hydrogenation combined with water-gas-shift reaction for synthetic natural gas production: a thermodynamic and experimental study

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