Production of Oxalic Acid by <i>Sclerotium Cepivorum</i> During Infection of Onion

Stone, Harriet; Armentrout, V. N.

doi:10.1080/00275514.1985.12025137

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Arnott (1995) noted that calcium oxalate crystals are commonly found associated with fungi and went onto quote the great mycologist Anton de Bary who in 1887 stated ''that calcium oxalate is a substance so generally found in the fungi that it is quite unnecessary to enumerate instances of its occurrence''. De Bary was primarily referring to observations with basidiomycetous fungi, however, in more recent times there have been many reports of calcium oxalate crystals associated with the production of oxalic acid by fungi from different ecophysical groups including phytopathogens (Bateman and Beer, 1965;Noyes and Hancock, 1981;Pulim et al, 1994;Rao and Tewari, 1987;Stone and Armentrout, 1985), wood decay fungi (Abu et al, 1999;Shimada et al, 1997), lichens (Jackson, 1981) and mycorrhizae (Mahmood et al, 2001;Wallander et al, 2002). Oxalate crystals have also been reported on the cadavers of insects killed by fungi (Dresner, 1950;Moino et al, 2002).…”

Section: Oxalatementioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative studies on the invasion of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) and sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina) by Metarhizium anisopliae (Sorokin)

Leemon¹,

Jonsson

2012

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Section: Oxalatementioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative studies on the invasion of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) and sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina) by Metarhizium anisopliae (Sorokin)

Leemon¹,

Jonsson

2012

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…Necrotrophic, plant pathogenic fungi have been reported to produce oxalic acid, thereby reducing the pH of their environment, increasing the polygalacturonase activity, and sequestering calcium ions from calcium pectate present in the middle lamellae (Bateman and Beer 1965;Magro et al 1984;Punja et al 1985;Stone and Armentrout 1985). Calcium oxalate crystals have been observed associated with the hyphae of plant pathogenic fungi (Punja and Jenkins 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxalate production by Basidiomycetes, including the white-rot species Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Dutton¹,

Evans²,

Atkey³

et al. 1993

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

155

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Oxalate was found to accumulate in liquid culture media from the growth of the white-rot basidiomycetes Coriolus versicolor, Heterobasidion annosum, Pleurotus florida and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Whereas little oxalate accumulated during active growth, millimolar concentrations of oxalate were detected in culture media during the stationary phase. The basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus, the cultivated mushroom, also accumulated oxalate in its culture medium in the stationary phase. In comparison, the brown-rot fungi Amyloporia xantha, Coniophora marmorata, C. puteana and Poria vaporaria accumulated oxalate in the primary metabolic phase and throughout growth up to 35 days. Oxalate accumulation (0.04-10.0 mM) in whiterot cultures did not lower the pH of the medium during growth, whereas in brown-rot cultures oxalate (2.0-20.0 mM) reduced the media pH during growth. Cultures of Agaricus bisporus, C. puteana and Coriolus versicolor grown on solid media containing high levels of calcium (50 or 100 mM calcium chloride) produced calcium oxalate crystals to varying extents on the surface of the hyphae.

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“…A wide variety of other fungi also secrete oxalic acid, including Poria placenta (Ritschkoff et al, 1995), Septoria musiva (Liang et al, 2001), Sclerotium rolfsii (Bateman and Beer, 1965), Endothia (Cryphonectria) parasitica (Havir and Anagnostakis, 1985;Bennett and Hindal, 1989), Penicillium oxalicum (Ikotun, 1984), Cristulariella pyramidalis (Kurian and Stelzig, 1979), Sclerotium cepivorum (Stone and Armentrout, 1985), Mycena citricolor (Rao and Tewari, 1987), and S. minor (Hollowell et al, 2001). Direct application of oxalic acid to stem or leaf tissue causes marked tissue injury and wilting, similar to plant responses to fungal infection by S. rolfsii (Bateman and Beer, 1965) and S. sclerotiorum (Noyes and Hancock, 1981).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Resistance to Sclerotinia minor in Peanut by Expressing a Barley Oxalate Oxidase Gene

Livingstone

Hampton²,

Phipps³

et al. 2005

Plant Physiology

148

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Sclerotinia minor Jagger is the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, a highly destructive disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Based on evidence that oxalic acid is involved in the pathogenicity of many Sclerotinia species, our objectives were to recover transgenic peanut plants expressing an oxalic acid-degrading oxalate oxidase and to evaluate them for increased resistance to S. minor. Transformed plants were regenerated from embryogenic cultures of three Virginia peanut cultivars (Wilson, Perry, and NC-7). A colorimetric enzyme assay was used to screen for oxalate oxidase activity in leaf tissue. Candidate plants with a range of expression levels were chosen for further analysis. Integration of the transgene was confirmed by Southern-blot analysis, and gene expression was demonstrated in transformants by northern-blot analysis. A sensitive fluorescent enzyme assay was used to quantify expression levels for comparison to the colorimetric protocol. A detached leaflet assay tested whether transgene expression could limit lesion size resulting from direct application of oxalic acid. Lesion size was significantly reduced in transgenic plants compared to nontransformed controls (65%-89% reduction at high oxalic acid concentrations). A second bioassay examined lesion size after inoculation of leaflets with S. minor mycelia. Lesion size was reduced by 75% to 97% in transformed plants, providing evidence that oxalate oxidase can confer enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia blight in peanut.Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia minor, is one of the most devastating diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Virginia, northeastern North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas. The fungicide fluazinam provides some protection (Smith et al., 1992), but its benefit to peanut producers is offset by the expense of the multiple applications necessary to achieve modest control. Yield losses due to Sclerotinia blight can be significant. For example, prior to the availability of fluazinam, losses to Sclerotinia blight averaged 10% in Virginia, with pod loss exceeding 50% in severely affected fields (Porter and Melouk, 1997).Oxalic acid is considered a pathogenicity factor in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and many other fungal pathogens (Maxwell and Lumsden, 1970;Godoy et al., 1990 (Rao and Tewari, 1987), and S. minor (Hollowell et al., 2001). Direct application of oxalic acid to stem or leaf tissue causes marked tissue injury and wilting, similar to plant responses to fungal infection by S. rolfsii (Bateman and Beer, 1965) and S. sclerotiorum (Noyes and Hancock, 1981). The most compelling evidence for the involvement of oxalic acid in disease initiation was the demonstration that mutant isolates of S. sclerotiorum, deficient in oxalic acid production, were not pathogenic on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but revertants became pathogenic once they regained the ability to produce oxalic acid (Godoy et al., 1990). Screening for resistance to oxalic acid has also been studied as an indirect test of physiological resist...

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Production of Oxalic Acid by Sclerotium Cepivorum During Infection of Onion

Cited by 17 publications

References 11 publications

Comparative studies on the invasion of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) and sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina) by Metarhizium anisopliae (Sorokin)

Comparative studies on the invasion of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) and sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina) by Metarhizium anisopliae (Sorokin)

Oxalate production by Basidiomycetes, including the white-rot species Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Enhancing Resistance to Sclerotinia minor in Peanut by Expressing a Barley Oxalate Oxidase Gene

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