Production of novel flower color mutants from the fragrant cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum^|^times;C. purpurascens) by ion-beam irradiation

Abstract

Abstracte fragrant cyclamens 'Uruwashi-no-kaori' (UR), 'Kaori-no-mai' (KM), 'Kokou-no-kaori' (KO) were bred from amphidiploids that were derived by chromosome doubling of the hybrid among Cyclamen persicum 'Strauss', 'Pure White' and fragrant wild species of C. purpurascens. Amphidiploid of GBCP was produced by chromosome doubling of the hybrid between C. persicum 'Golden Boy' and fragrant wild species of C. purpurascens. In order to create novel ower colors, mutation breeding with carbon-ion-beam irradiation was carried out using amphidiploids of UR, KM and KO as well as dihaploids of UR, KM and GBCP. Immature petals or etiolated petioles of the amphidiploids and dihaploids were irradiated, and plant tissue culture techniques were used to produce material for additional investigations. Furthermore, the stepwise improvement of ower color was achieved by irradiating 'ion3', which had been derived from dihaploid of UR by ion-beam irradiation. e mutants thus obtained were evaluated for breeding new cultivars of fragrant cyclamens. e tissues were then analyzed in terms of their avonoid pigment content and their related genes. Key words:Flower pigment, fragrant cyclamen, ion-beam, mutation, tissue culture.The genus Cyclamen, family Myrsinaceae, includes 22 species. All species of Cyclamen form a tuber and consistently propagate by seed, but never propagate by natural splitting (Grey-Wilson 2002). Ornamental cyclamen cultivars, highly popular pot plants in several countries, have been developed through the crossing of selected natural mutants of wild C. persicum (2n=2x=48). Flowers of C. persicum-derived cultivars may have a purple, pink, red, pale yellow or white 'slip', with an 'eye'; occasionally, the slip is pale yellow, pale pink or white and there is no 'eye'. 'Eye' refers to the bases of the petals colored deep purple and 'slip' refers to the other, non-eye parts of the petal, of various colors (Figure 1). Moreover, these flowers emit woody-or powdery-like scent, which has been expected to improve. In contrast, C. purpurascens (2n=2x=34) has small owers that consist of a purple slip and a deep purple eye, that emit a sweet fragrance, i.e. a rose-, hyacinth-or lily of the valley-like fragrance ( Figure 1A) (Grey-Wilson 2002;Ishizaka et al. 2002). The ornamental value of the cultivars of C. persicum would be enhanced by the introduction of fragrance properties of C. purpurascens.However, C. purpurascens has been neither improved as a major commercial cultivar nor used as breeding material.In earlier work, an allodiploid (2n=2x=41) was produced by the crossing of C. persicum cultivars (2n=2x=48) and C. purpurascens (2n=2x=34) through ovule culture techniques for rescuing abortive hybrid embryos, although all the allodiploids were sterile (Ishizaka and Uematsu 1995). In our subsequent study, however, fertile allotetraploids (amphidiploid, 2n=4x=82) were successfully produced by inducing chromosome doubling with in vitro colchicine treatment of the hybrid ovules. Consequently, two types of fertile amphidiploid plant...

Characterization of Various Color Parameters (Anthocyanins and Flavonols) of Leaves and Flowers in Different Autochthonous Genotypes of Cyclamen purpurascens

“…Detailed phenolic analysis of the studied genotypes of common cyclamen revealed that their flowers contain very different anthocyanins. Our results support the findings of some previous studies in relation to the presence of malvidin-3,5-diglucoside in specific cultivars of common cyclamen (Ishizaka et al, 2012;Takamura et al, 2005). Moreover, malvidin-3,5-diglucoside and delphinidin-3glucoside were even found to be the dominant anthocyanins in flowers of common cyclamen.…”

“…Webby and Boase (1999) reported cyanidin-3-neohesperidoside to be present in traces in flowers of persian cyclamen. Some anthocyanins are responsible for certain color shades in leaves, again as already reported (Ishizaka et al, 2012;Kondo et al, 2009;Takamura et al, 2005). Kondo et al (2009) reported that one mutant of the M 2 generation developed red-purple flowers and that delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside was responsible for this color shade.…”

“…Common cyclamens are very important ornamental plants in many countries of the Alpine, Dinarid, and Carpathian regions, in the past also in Slovenia (Bavcon, 2009). Today, they are particularly important for various breeding programs (Ishizaka et al, 2012;Osterc et al, 2014). The great value of common cyclamens compared with persian cyclamen is their ornamental leaves, their pleasant flower fragrances and the great range of flower colors (Bavcon, 2009;Moroe, 1991;Osterc et al, 2014;Takamura et al, 2005).…”

Development of an efficient mutagenesis technique using ion beams: Toward more controlled mutation breeding

“…We further analyzed KMrp at the molecular level to identify the gene responsible for the color di erences between KM and KMrp. Please refer to Ishizaka et al (2012, in this issue) for more details on the generation of the KMrp mutant.…”

A Review on Cyclamen Species: Transcription Factors vs. Pharmacological Effects

“…cultivars accumulate quercetin and kaempferol glycosides as major flavonols (16). In yellow-flowered Cyclamen, an interesting feature in color expression and pigmentation is observed, namely isosalipurposide (ISPP), which is the main pigment in petals but is also found in some vegetative organs (17). The pollen grains of C. pseudibericum Hildebr are radially symmetric, isopolar, tricolporate, spheroidal and circular in polar view.…”