Characterization of Various Color Parameters (Anthocyanins and Flavonols) of Leaves and Flowers in Different Autochthonous Genotypes of Cyclamen purpurascens

Abstract

<jats:p>Common cyclamen (<jats:italic>Cyclamen pururascens</jats:italic> Mill.) is a very interesting species not only for various breeding programs but also as an ornamental plant. The plants possess interesting floral and foliage characteristics, nice fragrances, and a very useful flavonol profile. The last is very important from the point of view of protecting against diseases and physiological disorders. Twenty-two different genotypes originating from different regions in Slovenia were analyzed in detail, based on their floral and foliage characteristics. Anthocyanin and flavonol contents were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (MS). Color characteristics were colorimetrically evaluated separately for petals and leaves. In terms of color measurements, significant differences among the sites of origin were shown with parameters <jats:italic>a</jats:italic>* and <jats:italic>L</jats:italic>* when petals were analyzed, and with parameter <jats:italic>a</jats:italic>* when leaves were analyzed. The pH of petal sap stayed within the acid range, ranging from 3.96 to 4.82. Five different anthocyanins (malvidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-neohesperidoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, and delphinidine-3-rutinoside) were analyzed in flowers, and this is the first report of delphinidin metabolites naturally present in common cyclamen genotypes. In relation to plant leaves, malvidin-3,5-diglucoside, malvidin-3-rutinoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-neohesperidoside, and peonidin-3-neohesperidoside were measured. Fifteen different flavonols were determined in common cyclamen flowers and 10 different flavonols in common cyclamen leaves. Various glycosides of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol were analyzed, as well as isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, laricitin-3-rutinoside, and neohesperidin. The floral and foliage characteristics of the genotypes (physical and chemical) were mainly affected by the environmental conditions of the locality of origin of the genotypes (annual disposition of temperature and precipitation, structure of the soil, etc.).</jats:p>

Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Characterization in Flowers and Leaves of Cyclamen Genotypes Linked with Bioactivities Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques

“…In accordance with the study’s results, all genotypes exhibited positive b * values, suggesting a slightly yellow hue in the leaves [ 32 ]. Furthermore, increased H ° values were also reported in the flowers of C. purpurascens and lower values in the leaves [ 34 ]. Consistent with previous reports, higher values in a * were observed in C. mirabile leaves (LC6), denoting a tendency of purple coloration in the marbled and semi-silvery genotypes, whereas in C. persicum Violet fonce (FC2.1), the flowers indicated an accumulation of red and purple pigments.…”

“…Conversely, in Slovenian C. purpurascens flowers, high amounts of malvidin 3,5-diglucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside were detected [ 34 ]. These results are in accordance with Boase et al (2010) which isolated the anthocyanins from the flowers of transgenic C. persicum through flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase suppression [ 89 ].…”

“…In the present study, the genotypes possessing silvery foliage, a fringed type, and novel flower pigments were chosen as based on the fact that these characteristics are gaining interest in the floricultural field. From the literature search, there were no reported data regarding the individual carotenoids in Cyclamen species, whereas detailed analyses regarding the anthocyanins in flowers were only reported in C. purpurascens [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Furthermore, several research projects attempted to create novel pigments in Cyclamen by the use of specific enzymes for altering the existing pigments or by ion-beam irradiation and evaluating their expression patterns by PCR analysis [ 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Characterization of Cyclamen genotypes using morphological descriptors and DNA molecular markers in a multivariate analysis

“…According to the study’s findings, all genotypes showed positive b* values, indicating that the leaves had a faint yellow tint ( Osterc et al., 2014 ; Cornea-Cipcigan et al., 2019 ). Additionally, higher hue levels were noted in C. purpurascens flowers and lower values in the leaves ( Osterc et al., 2018 ). Consistent with previous reports, the values of b* were significantly lower in dark-colored flowers and higher in leaves ( Cui et al., 2019 ).…”