Production of mycotoxins by selected<i>Fusarium graminearum</i>and<i>F. crookwellense</i>isolates

Sydenham, Eric W.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Thiel, Pieter G.; Shephard, G.S.; Nieuwenhuis, Jacobus J.

doi:10.1080/02652039109373953

Cited by 53 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…According to their trichothecene production, some Fusarium species, such as F graminearum, have been divided into two chemotypes: (i) the nivalenol chemotype, which includes isolates producing nivalenol and fusarenone X, and (ii) the deoxynivalenol chemotype, which includes isolates producing deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol (26,53). Similar observations have been made for F. culmorum strains (28, 39).…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

“…In addition, it has been demonstrated that, within the same species and in the same culture conditions, toxin production by Fusarium strain may vary sharply; some strains produce large amounts of trichothecenes, whereas others produce small or undetectable amounts of trichothecenes (3,5,19,28,30,35,36,39,53,57). Until now, no method except in vitro culture has been available to distinguish high-producing from low-producing Fusarium strains.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification by PCR of Fusarium culmorum Strains Producing Large and Small Amounts of Deoxynivalenol

Bakan

Giraud-Delville

Pinson

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Thirty deoxynivalenol-producing F. culmorum strains, isolated from wheat grains, were incubated in vitro and analyzed for trichothecene production. Seventeen strains produced more than 1 ppm of deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol and were considered high-deoxynivalenol-producing strains, whereas 13 F. culmorum strains produced less than 0.07 ppm of trichothecenes and were considered low-deoxynivalenol-producing strains. For all strains, a 550-base portion of the trichodiene synthase gene (tri5) was amplified and sequenced. According to the tri5 data, the F. culmorum strains tested clustered into two groups that correlated with in vitro deoxynivalenol production. For three high-producing and three low-producing F. culmorum strains, the tri5-tri6 intergenic region was then sequenced, which confirmed the two separate clusters within the F. culmorum strains. According to the tri5-tri6 sequence data, specific PCR primers were designed to allow differentiation of high-producing from low-producing F. culmorum strains.Trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol, acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenone X, are sesquiterpene toxins produced by Fusarium species, including Fusarium culmorum, which are common fungal contaminants of cereals. Trichothecenes can be found naturally worldwide on cereals (1,9,18,27,38,45,48,54,55,59), and the consumption of these toxins is a potential problem for humans and farm animals (14, 47).It has been established that some Fusarium species, including F. graminearum and F culmorum, are able to produce B trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol, while other species are not (31). These two types of Fusarium strains (producers and nonproducers) can be distinguished on the basis of DNA polymorphism in the ␤-tubulin gene (43) as well as in the large ribosomal subunit or the internal transcribed spacer (21,37,43).According to their trichothecene production, some Fusarium species, such as F graminearum, have been divided into two chemotypes: (i) the nivalenol chemotype, which includes isolates producing nivalenol and fusarenone X, and (ii) the deoxynivalenol chemotype, which includes isolates producing deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol (26,53). Similar observations have been made for F. culmorum strains (28, 39).In addition, it has been demonstrated that, within the same species and in the same culture conditions, toxin production by Fusarium strain may vary sharply; some strains produce large amounts of trichothecenes, whereas others produce small or undetectable amounts of trichothecenes (3,5,19,28,30,35,36,39,53,57). Until now, no method except in vitro culture has been available to distinguish high-producing from low-producing Fusarium strains.Several genes involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes have been described, most of them localized in a gene cluster. The tri5 gene encodes the trichodiene synthase, which catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. The nucleotide sequence of the tri5 gene has been characterized in several Fusa...

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supporting

confidence: 58%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification by PCR of Fusarium culmorum Strains Producing Large and Small Amounts of Deoxynivalenol

Bakan

Giraud-Delville

Pinson

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…It is reported that both DON and NIV have been found in wheat and barley (Ichinoe et al 1983;Yoshizawa et al 1979;Sydenham et al 1991) and co-contaminated the same maize (Okoye 1993), leading to research of the risk Concentration-dependent effects of NIV on LPS-induced NO production by RAW264 cells in the presence of DON RAW264 cells were stimulated with NIV (0-3,000 nmol/l) in the presence of LPS (100 ng/ml) and DON (600 nmol/l) for 24 h. The culture supernatants were analyzed for NO levels. Values are the means ± SEM from four independent experiments.…”

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confidence: 96%

Effect of a combination of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol on lipopolisaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages

et al. 2010

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) are trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi as secondary metabolites. Both compounds have the immunotoxic effects that the productions of inflammatory mediators by activated macrophages is disturbed. Co-contamination with DON and NIV can occur; however, the effects of simultaneous contamination are not well known. The present study investigated the combined effects of DON and NIV on nitric oxide (NO) production by mouse macrophages stimulated with lipopolisaccharide (LPS). The inhibitory effect of DON and NIV on NO release from activated macrophages has already been reported as an appropriate indicator of immunotoxic effect of the both compounds. LPS-induced NO production in macrophages was inhibited by both of these toxins individually in a dose-dependent manner, and toxin mixtures at the same concentration inhibited NO production in the same manner. In addition, there were no unique inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in macrophages in the presence of mixtures of various molar ratios. These results suggest that the combined effects of DON and NIV can be predicted based on addition of each compound alone.

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“…These chemotypes appear to differ in geographic distribution. The NIV chemotype has been reported in several countries of Africa, Asia, and Europe (10,14,22,35,37), but it has not been reported in North America (1,27). Since the NIV chemotype is of great concern in the countries where it has appeared, an efficient system for differentiating DON and NIV chemotypes is desired.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Deoxynivalenol- and Nivalenol-Producing Chemotypes of Gibberella zeae by Using PCR

Lee

Kim

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

156

119

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Gibberella zeae, a major cause of cereal scab, may be divided into two chemotypes based on production of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). We cloned and sequenced the gene cluster for trichothecene biosynthesis from each chemotype. G. zeae H-11 is a DON producer isolated from corn, and G. zeae 88-1 is a NIV producer from barley. We sequenced a 23-kb gene cluster from H-11 and a 26-kb cluster from 88-1, along with the unlinked Tri101 genes. Each gene cluster contained 10 Tri gene homologues in the same order and transcriptional directions as those of Fusarium sporotrichioides. Between H-11 and 88-1 all of the Tri homologues except Tri7 were conserved, with identities ranging from 88 to 98% and 82 to 99% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The Tri7 sequences were only 80% identical at the nucleotide level. We aligned the Tri7 genes and found that the Tri7 open reading frame of H-11 carried several mutations and an insertion containing 10 copies of an 11-bp tandem repeat. The Tri7 gene from 88-1 carried neither the repeat nor the mutations. We assayed 100 G. zeae isolates of both chemotypes by PCR amplification with a primer pair derived from the Tri7 gene and could differentiate the chemotypes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The PCR-based method developed in this study should provide a simple and reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating the two chemotypes of G. zeae.

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Production of mycotoxins by selectedFusarium graminearumandF. crookwellenseisolates

Cited by 53 publications

References 25 publications

Identification by PCR of Fusarium culmorum Strains Producing Large and Small Amounts of Deoxynivalenol

Identification by PCR of Fusarium culmorum Strains Producing Large and Small Amounts of Deoxynivalenol

Effect of a combination of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol on lipopolisaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages

Identification of Deoxynivalenol- and Nivalenol-Producing Chemotypes of Gibberella zeae by Using PCR

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