Production of furan based biofuel with an environmental benign carbon catalyst

Abstract

A sulfonated carbon material was developed and investigated as an environmentally benign catalyst for furfural production. The sulfonic acid functionality was introduced by sequential hydrothermal carbonization and sulfonation of xylose. The morphology and textural properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy and N2 sorption measurements, respectively. The presence of sulfonic acid on the surface was proven by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Meanwhile, the acid properties were studied using an NH3‐TPD profile. Two different sulfonated carbons that was activated with KOH before sulfonation and one that was compared. The KOH‐activated sulfonated carbon contained both a porous structure and a high sulfonic acid content that improved the furfural yield and selectivity by more than 50% compared to the nonactivated sulfonated carbon. The reusability of the catalyst was investigated by monitoring the furfural selectivity over several reaction cycles, and after the 3rd cycle, a reduction in the selectivity from 72 to 30% was observed. However, the acid‐functionalized carbon could still be useful for furfural production due to its low environmental impact in both the preparation and disposal steps. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1455–1461, 2018

Activated Carbon Produced from the Hydrothermal Treatment of Glucose with KOH Activation for Catalytic Absorption of CO2 in a BEA-AMP Bi-Solvent Blend

“…The micrograph of AC shows what appears to be cavities of different sizes on the surface of the carbon creating a highly porous and broad surface. Comparatively, it can be deduced that the KOH activation of CS enhanced the surface area and pore volume by leaching gaseous carbon-based surface compounds from the K–C molecules formed during the activation …”

“…These observations were consistent with those reported by other studies that synthesized CS from Comparatively, it can be deduced that the KOH activation of CS enhanced the surface area and pore volume by leaching gaseous carbon-based surface compounds from the K−C molecules formed during the activation. 32 The phase composition of the AC catalyst which is indicated by the XRD pattern is shown in Figure 3. From the XRD pattern, two broad peaks at 2θ of 29.2°and 42.6°which correspond to reflections of amorphous carbon were observed.…”

Au Nanoparticles Anchored on Sulfonated Carbon Nanotubes for Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation

“…The first stage between 40 and 120 °C is mainly attributed to the evaporation of adsorbed moisture. The decomposition of the sulfonic group (R–SO 3 H) was reported to occur at 200–300 °C, , which is relatively reduced after the predecomposition during calcination. The mass reduction by decomposition of most other S species or functional groups (e.g., R-SO 2 -R′) occurs at temperatures above 300 °C.…”

Hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvent over sulfonated carbon catalysts

“…34 In the case of sulfonation, it can be seen that oxidation peaks are amplied during sulfonation, while -SO 3 H bond-related peaks appear strongly at 500-1500 cm −1 . 35 Especially, the peak representing the -SO 3 H bond, at 1250 cm −1 , appears very strongly, conrming that the targeted -SO 3 H groups was well produced. 36…”