Production of energetic 232U, 236,238Pu, 242Cm, 248Bk, 250,252Cf and 252Es radioisotopes for use as nuclear battery in thin targets via particle accelerators

The investigation of the production of Ac-227, Ra-228, Th-228, and U-232 in thorium by particle accelerators for use in radioisotope power systems and nuclear batteries

“…Nuclear reactions provide production of new nuclei, which are not natural, to use in nuclear medicine, space researches, shielding, energy production etc. The nuclear reactions can be performed by nuclear reactors or particle accelerators to produce different radioisotopes in the literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. One of the most important radioisotopes produced by nuclear reactions is energetic radioisotopes that can be used in nuclear batteries, which have vital role for 2 microelectronic and space researches as an energy source.…”

“…One of nuclear batteries used in space researches is Radioisotope Power System (RPS), which is an important technology for a spacecraft/space-probe. RPS provides heat power and electrical power for spacecraft/spaceprobe, particularly in deep space missions and in planetary researches [6][7][8][9]13]. It is obvious that there are mainly two practical options for ensuring a long-term source of electrical power: By exploiting the light of sun and heat obtained from a nuclear source (e.g.…”

“…activation equation as dependent on atomic weight 𝑀, the projectile current 𝐼 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 , Avogadro constant 𝑁 𝐴 and isotopic abundance 𝐻, the cross-section of the reactions 𝜎(𝐸), the decay constant (𝜆 = 𝑙𝑛2 𝑇 1/2 ⁄ ), the proton, deuteron, triton, helium-3 and alpha mass stopping powers of Th-232 target obtained by the X-PMSP 2.0 program[1,4,5,[7][8][9]19].Cross-section calculations of reaction processesTo produce Ac-227, Ra-228, Th-228 and U-232 on Th-232 targets via particle accelerators, the cross-section calculations were calculated for the proton, deuteron, triton, helium-3 and alphainduced reaction processes, and the calculated cross-section curves were compared with the experimental data in the literature as shown in FIG.2. Each figure dependents on incident particle energy based on induced reaction type.…”

In‐Depth Analysis of the Internal Energy Conversion of Nuclear Batteries and Radiation Degradation of Key Materials

“…[ 10,11 ] The nuclear batteries currently used in spacecrafts [ 12 ] and detectors [ 13 ] are mainly based on the radioisotope thermoelectric generator. [ 14,15 ] It loads 238 Pu source [ 16 ] and has a large volume generally, [ 17 ] and thus does not satisfy the small size demand. Radiovoltaic and radioluminescent nuclear batteries are superior in size, generally within 5 cm 3 , [ 18,19 ] The mechanism of radiovoltaic nuclear battery is the direct collection of decay particles with semiconductor conversion units, [ 20,21 ] in which energy conversion efficiency ( η ) is ≈4%.…”

High‐Performance Micro‐Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator with Large‐Scale Integration of Multilayer Annular Arrays through Screen Printing and Stacking Coupling

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13] The nuclides suitable as heat sources in RTG are 238 Pu, 90 Sr, 241 Am, 3 H, and 210 Po. [13][14][15][16][17] RTG converts decaying heat directly into electricity. They utilize Seebeck effect of thermoelectric (TE) materials, in which two electrically opposed carriers diffuse when there is a temperature difference between the two ends of the material, generating a voltage.…”