Production of Camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana: An Overview

Pr, Mithun; Xavier, J. J. M.; Reddy, J. S.; Nagella, Praveen

doi:10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.9

IJLSSR

2017

DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.9

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Production of Camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana: An Overview

Mithun Pr¹,

J. J. M. Xavier²,

J. S. Reddy³

et al.

Abstract: ABSTRACT-Nothapodytes nimmoniana is an endangered tree endemic to Western Ghats, India and it is the convenient source for large scale isolation of camptothecin (CPT). Since the first report of CPT detection in N. nimmoniana, significant work has been done on its applications. Due to heavy collection of its wood chips for CPT, population is under threat in India. Several plant tissue culture techniques offer alternative strategies for clonal propagation and CPT production to conserve the species. Various strat… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

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Optimisation of enzyme‐assisted extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and its characterisation

Patil,

Hunasagi,

Raghu

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionEfficient extraction of camptothecin (CPT), an anticancer agent from the commercial source Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb in India, is of paramount importance. CPT is present in the highest concentration in the stem portion, and the stem can be readily harvested without uprooting the plant. The fluorescence microscopy mapping of the bark matrix for CPT revealed its presence in a free form within both the outer (epidermal and cortical tissues) and inner (xylem and phloem tissues) sections. The bark matrix primarily consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, rendering it woody, rigid, and resistant to efficient solvent penetration for CPT extraction. We proposed a hypothesis that subjecting it to disruption through treatment with hydrolytic enzymes like cellulase and xylanase could enhance solvent diffusion, thereby enabling a swift and effective extraction of CPT.ObjectiveThe present study was aimed at enzyme‐assisted extraction, using cellulase and xylanase for hydrolytic disruption of the cells to readily access CPT from the stem of the plant N. nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb.MethodologyThe hydrolytic cell disruption of ground powder from the stem bark was studied using cellulase and xylanase enzymes. The enzymatically pretreated stem bark powder was subsequently recovered by filtration, dried, and subjected to extraction with methanol to isolate CPT. This process was optimised through a Box–Behnken design, employing a one‐factor‐at‐a‐time approach to assess parameters such as enzyme concentration (2–10% w/w), pH (3–7), incubation time (6–24 h), and solid‐to‐solvent ratio (1:30–1:70 g/mL). CPT was characterised using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for quantification.ResultsThe cellulase and xylanase treatment resulted in the highest yields of 0.285% w/w and 0.343% w/w, with efficiencies of 67% and 81%, respectively, achieved in a significantly shorter time compared to the untreated material, which yielded 0.18% with an efficiency of only 42%. Extraction by utilising the predicted optimised process parameters, a nearly two‐fold increase in the yield, was observed for xylanase, with incubation and solvent extraction times set at 16 and 2 h, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the spent material indicated perforations attributed to enzymatic action, suggesting that this could be a primary factor contributing to the enhanced extraction.ConclusionEnzyme‐mediated hydrolytic cell disruption could be a potential approach for efficient and rapid isolation of CPT from the bark of N. nimmoniana.

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Optimisation of enzyme‐assisted extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and its characterisation

Patil,

Hunasagi,

Raghu

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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Biotechnological approaches for the production of camptothecin

Banadka,

Narasimha,

Dandin

et al. 2024

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Camptothecin (CPT), an indole alkaloid popular for its anticancer property, is considered the third most promising drug after taxol and famous alkaloids from Vinca for the treatment of cancer in humans. Camptothecin was first identified in Camptotheca acuminata followed by several other plant species and endophytic fungi. Increased harvesting driven by rising global demand is depleting the availability of elite plant genotypes, such as Camptotheca acuminata and Nothapodytes nimmoniana, crucial for producing alkaloids used in treating diseases like cancer. Conservation of these genotypes for the future is imperative. Therefore, research on different plant tissue culture techniques such as cell suspension culture, hairy roots, adventitious root culture, elicitation strategies, and endophytic fungi has been adopted for the production of CPT to meet the increasing demand without affecting the source plant’s existence. Currently, another strategy to increase camptothecin yield by genetic manipulation is underway. The present review discusses the plants and endophytes that are employed for camptothecin production and throws light on the plant tissue culture techniques for the regeneration of plants, callus culture, and selection of cell lines for the highest camptothecin production. The review further explains the simple, accurate, and cost-effective extraction and quantification methods. There is enormous potential for the sustainable production of CPT which could be met by culturing of suitable endophytes or plant cell or organ culture in a bioreactor scale production. Also, different gene editing tools provide opportunities for engineering the biosynthetic pathway of CPT, and the overall CPT production can be improved . Key points • Camptothecin is a naturally occurring alkaloid with potent anticancer properties, primarily known for its ability to inhibit DNA topoisomerase I. • Plants and endophytes offer a potential approach for camptothecin production. • Biotechnology approaches like plant tissue culture techniques enhanced camptothecin production.

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Production of Camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana: An Overview

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Optimisation of enzyme‐assisted extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and its characterisation

Optimisation of enzyme‐assisted extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and its characterisation

Biotechnological approaches for the production of camptothecin

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