Production of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Feedstock Using Bifunctional Catalyst

Environmentally benign solid catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production: A critical review

“…The feasibility of biodiesel synthesis using volcanic rocks is reported in several research works. Samsudeen et al (2017) has investigated how the commonly available pumice volcanic rock can be used as a catalyst to produce biodiesel from neem oil and ethanol. In their work, the pumicite (powdered pumice rock) was treated with potassium hydroxide to increase its catalytic activity.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

“…Abbah et al [80] stated a biodiesel yield of 94% by using neem seed oil in the process of transesterification at 55 • C for 1 h with molar ratio (7:1) and a catalyst dosage of 0.75 wt.% at a constant stirring speed of 350 rpm. Samsudeen et al [81] utilized neem seed oil transesterification process to synthesize biodiesel using 15 wt.% of catalyst loading for 1.5 h with 5:1 ethanol to triglycerides molar ratio and obtained the biodiesel yield around 90.5%. Sumit H. et al [82] produced FAME from the reaction of rubber seed oil using carbon-based iron (Fe/C) as a catalyst under optimized conditions i.e., catalyst concentration 4.5 wt.% to oil at a reaction temperature of 60 • C with MeOH: oil 9:1 at continuous stirring of 1250 rpm and achieved a remarkable FAME yield of 97.5%.…”