Production of Biochar, Bio-Oil and Synthesis Gas from Cashew Nut Shell by Slow Pyrolysis

Moreira, Renata; Orsini, Rosely dos Reis; Vaz, Jorge Moreira; Penteado, José Carlos; Spinacé, Estevam V.

doi:10.1007/s12649-016-9569-2

Cited by 61 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Finally, the ultimate analysis and the higher heating value (HHV) of the OP and CNSL were also measured. The TGA curve of the unextracted sample is analogous to those reported by Melzer et al [20] and Moreira et al [15]. As can be seen from comparing the TGA curves of the unextracted and extracted samples, partial evaporation or decomposition after release of CNSL causes major weight loss at temperatures below 300 ºC (the temperature at which the mass loss percentages of untreated and extracted samples are approximately equal).…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Experimentssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Relatively few studies regarding the pyrolysis of cashew nutshells can be found in the literature [15]. Das and Ganesh [16] reported product distributions from the vacuum pyrolysis of de-oiled CNS (CNSL removal at 150 ºC in an oven prior to pyrolysis) in the temperature range 400-600 ºC.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interesting study comparing pyrolysis of CNS with and without previous CNSL extraction was performed by Melzer et al [20], with experiments both by TGA and in a tubular rapid pyrolysis reactor. Finally, Moreira et al [15] recently evaluated the influence of the pyrolysis atmosphere (air or nitrogen) on the product yields and characteristics of pyrolysis.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis of cashew nutshells: Characterization of products and energy balance

Ábrego

Plaza

Luño

et al. 2018

Energy

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Cashew cultivation leads to the generation of large amounts of nutshells. In order to determine whether pyrolysis could be a suitable method for the valorization of this agricultural residue, cashew nutshells (CNS) from Burkina Faso were pyrolyzed in the temperature range between 400 and 600 ºC in a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor. The solid, liquid and gaseous fractions were quantified and characterized, with special focus on the solid product. Recovery of the cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) was accomplished during pyrolysis separately from the pyrolysis liquid. Results suggest that, except for the aqueous fraction, all the products obtained from pyrolysis are suitable for fuel purposes, and that part of the CNSL can be recovered below 200 ºC during the heating process. A preliminary energy balance of the process shows that burning the gases can provide the energy necessary for the process at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 ºC.

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Section: Thermogravimetric Experimentssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis of cashew nutshells: Characterization of products and energy balance

Ábrego

Plaza

Luño

et al. 2018

Energy

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“…4a). The initial 5% loss in weight is noted as the slight downward slope of the curve, and was attributed to the moisture content in the samples, as noted in works by Moreira et al with cashew shells 33 . The peanut hulls were able to maintain relatively stable until nearly 200 °C, at which point the weight percent curve begins a transition to a much steeper curve.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The elemental composition trend of the PH biocarbon in this study was similar to other PH sources where carbon was the major constituent, followed by hydrogen and nitrogen 31,32 from CHNS analysis. There are small differences in carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen content of nut shells, regardless of the type of nut or pyrolysis temperature 12,30,33 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biocarbon from peanut hulls and their green composites with biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)

Picard

Thakur

Misra

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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There are millions of tons of post-food processing residues discarded annually. Currently, these waste materials are discarded to landfill, used as animal feed or incinerated. This suggests that there are potential uses for these materials in value-added applications. This work focuses on the characterization and valorization of peanut hulls through the generation of green composites. Peanut hulls were pyrolyzed at 500 °C and analyzed to discover their unique surface morphology and relatively low ash content. Raman spectral analysis determined I D /i G values of 0.74 for the samples, suggesting greater graphitic content than disordered carbon content. Such results were confirmed in X-ray diffraction analysis by the presence of (002) and (100) planes. Partially biobased engineering thermoplastic, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), was combined with 20 wt.% biocarbon. The tensile and flexural moduli improved with the addition of biocarbon, and the bio-content increased from 35 to 48 wt.% as compared to neat PTT. The higher temperature biocarbon was found to have superior performance over the lower temperature sample. The enhanced sustainability of these materials suggested that peanut hulls can be valorized via thermochemical conversion to generate value-added products. Future works could focus on the optimization of these materials for non-structural automotive components or electrical housings. Biomass is generated from a number of biological sources, including waste from the agricultural industry, as well as beverage and food processing industries. There have been substantial amounts of work to valorize these materials 1 by extracting compounds 2 , repurposing for value-added products 3 or burning as energy sources 4. Peanut hulls are an abundantly available, low-cost and sustainable biomass. PHs are the outer shell which encompasses the nut (Fig. 1a). The largest global producers of peanuts are displayed in Fig. 1b, however, they are grown in many other areas around the world. It was estimated in 2017 that there were 45 million metric tons of peanuts produced worldwide 5. Since PHs comprise 21-29% of overall peanut weight 6 , at least 9.4 million metric tonnes were produced in 2017. This study takes a comprehensive look at biomass generated from PHs that were grown in southern Ontario (Canada). PHs consist of four major structural components. These four layers are the pericarp, exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp arranged in order of outermost to innermost layers (Fig. 1a) 7. Together, these layers contain different ratios of cellulosic materials such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as small amounts of protein and pectin 8. Peanut hull biomass is abundantly available and to date has had limited use in value-added products. In fact, the PHs generated in Ontario are spread back on the fields after completion of the harvest season. On the global scale, this biomass is readily available in large quantities, obtained at a relatively low cost and is renewed each year. Further examination of current us...

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Insights Into the Production of Biochar from Organic Waste

Kaur¹,

Chaudhary²

2022

Production Technologies for Gaseous and Solid Biofuels

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Production of Biochar, Bio-Oil and Synthesis Gas from Cashew Nut Shell by Slow Pyrolysis

Cited by 61 publications

References 31 publications

Pyrolysis of cashew nutshells: Characterization of products and energy balance

Pyrolysis of cashew nutshells: Characterization of products and energy balance

Biocarbon from peanut hulls and their green composites with biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)

Insights Into the Production of Biochar from Organic Waste

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