Production and characterization of biodiesel using palm kernel oil; fresh and recovered from spent bleaching earth

Abstract

Please cite this article as: Aladetuyi A., Olatunji G.A., Ogunniyi D.S., Odetoye T.E. Production and characterization of biodiesel using palm kernel oil, fresh and recovered from spent bleaching earth. Palm kernel oil (PKO) was recovered from spent bleaching earth with a yield of 16 %, using n-hexane while the fresh oil was extracted from palm kernel with n-hexane and a yield of 40.23% was obtained. These oils were trans-esterified with methanol under the same reaction conditions: 100 o C, 2 h reaction time, and oil-methanol ratio of 5:1 (w/v). The cocoa pod ash (CPA) was compared with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The percentage yields of biodiesel obtained from PKO catalysed by CPA and KOH were 94 and 90%, respectively. While the yields achieved using the recovered oil catalysed by CPA and KOH were measured at 86 and 81.20 %. The physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel produced showed that the flash point, viscosity, density, ash content, percentage carbon content, specific gravity and the acid value fell within American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications for biodiesel. The findings of this study suggest that agricultural residues such as CPA used in this study could be explored as alternatives for KOH catalyst for biodiesel production.

Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review

“…For example, SBE is usually disposed as a waste by dumping it in landfills without any attempts to recover the oil, thus posing a serious threat to the environment through fire and the release of pollution hazards. Hence, it has been suggested that the oil in SBE is recovered and reused as an alternative energy source, which in turn could reduce the cost associated with refining processes [141,142].…”

“…Besides, the utilisation of palm oil by-products and mill effluent in producing biodiesel could also give a positive waste management effect on the environment. Finally, the biodiesel produced from palm oil, by-products, and mill effluent is preferred over the petro-diesel owing to its environmental advantages [141].…”

The Development of Expeller for Kernel based Seed and its Oil Characterization

“…These properties, namely, viscosity, density, flash point and pour points, are further compared with those of coconut oil (CNO), waste cooking oil (WCO), palm kernel oil and Jatropha seed oil from other researchers. The density of PKO (895 kg/m3) was lower than the density of oils specified by other researchers [38][39][40][41][42][43] and it was within the range specified by European Union standard (860 -900 kg/m 3 ). The viscosity of PKO (33.20 mm 2 /s) was comparable to those of other researchers [38,39,41,43] and it was within the norms specified by European Union specification (3.5 -5.0 mm 2 /s) and ASTM standard (1.9 -6.0 mm 2 /s).…”

“…Palm kernel oil can be blended with diesel to promote its wide application in cold region. [38]; c, Samuel [39]), d, Musa [40]; e, Bello et al [41] f, Aladetuyi et al [42]; g, Pradhan and Kumar [43].…”

Presence of Residual Oil in Relation to Solid Particle Distribution in Palm Oil Mill Effluent

“…The success in oil recovery from POME will eventually increase the overall OER and contribute to the total revenue for mills. Moreover, there is an economic advantage for the use of waste oil feedstocks, such as recovered oil, for potential biodiesel production (Aladetuyi et al 2014).…”