Production and characterization of a new glycolipid, mannosylerythritol lipid, from waste cooking oil biotransformation by Pseudozyma aphidis ZJUDM34

Abstract

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipids possessing unique biosurfactant properties. However, the prices of substrates currently used for MEL formation caused its unsustainable commercial development. Waste cooking oil poses significant ecological and economical problems. Thus, the production of MELs from used waste cooking oil using the biotransformation route is one of the better alternatives to utilize it efficiently and economically. This work aims at the production of MELs using waste cooking oil instead of soybean oil and evaluating the major characteristics and compositions of MELs. The titers reached 61.50 g/L by the optimization of culture medium, higher than the counterpart (10.25 ± 0.32 g/L) of the nonoptimized medium. MELs exhibited good surface activity and better performance in contrast to MELs grown on soybean oil. The water phase behavior of MEL‐A was also evaluated. The process showed higher productivity of MELs with better surface activity and application stability than the conventional process using soybean oil. The findings of this study imply that the use of inexpensive fermentation substrates associated with straightforward downstream processing is expected to have a great impact on the economy of MEL production.

Microbial valorization of waste cooking oils for valuable compounds production – a review

“…The concentration of WCO demonstrated to be statistically significant in the production of biosurfactants by the bacteria Cunninghamella echinulata (Souza et al, 2018), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (George & Jayachandran, 2013;Ozdal et al, 2017;Venkatesh &Vedaraman, 2012), Pseudomonas SWP-4 (Lan et al, 2015) and Anoxybacillus sp. (Khairuddin, Mulok, Khalil, Omar, & Saleh, 2016) and by the yeasts Candida tropicalis (Almeida et al, 2017) and Pseudozyma aphidis (Niu et al, 2019). By contrast, Oliveira and Garcia-Cruz (2013) does not observed a direct relation between WCO concentration and biosurfactant production by Bacillus pumilus.…”

“…The design of strategies involving microorganisms to simultaneously degrade oily wastes and obtain high added-value products was developed by several researchers (Batista, Rufino, Luna, Souza, & Sarubbo, 2010;Benesova, Kucera, Marova, & Obruca, 2017;Csutak, Corbu, & Vassu, 2017;Helal, Abdelhady, Abou-Taleb, Hassan, & Amer, 2017;Kamilah, Al-Gheethi, Yang, & Sudesh, 2018;Kanna, 2018;Lopes, Miranda, Alves, Pereira, & Belo, 2019;Niu, Wu, Wang, & Chen, 2019;Pernicova, Enev, Marova, & Obruca, 2019;Santos, Teixeira, Converti, Porto, & Sarubbo, 2019). The utilization of WCO directly as feedstock for microbial processes is a great opportunity to reduce the production costs of valuable compounds and also to increase the economic value of these wastes, since they are considered dangerous to the environment and have high energy demanding degradation processes (El Bialy, Gomaa, & Azab, 2011).…”

“…(Santos et al, 2019), among others (Table 1). Regarding yeast strains, Candida species, particularly Candida tropicalis (Almeida et al, 2017;Batista et al, 2010;Junior et al, 2018;Rubio-Ribeaux et al, 2017), are the most studied for biosurfactants production from WCO, but other species (Andrade et al, 2018;Camargo et al, 2018;Niu et al, 2019) were studied (Table 2). Unlike to bacteria cultures, in biosurfactants production by yeast, normally WCO are used as co-substrate or inductor and not as the only carbon source (Almeida et al, 2017;Campos et al, 2014;Junior et al, 2018;Kanna, 2018;Pinto et al, 2018;Rubio-Ribeaux et al, 2017).…”

“…By contrast, Oliveira and Garcia-Cruz (2013) does not observed a direct relation between WCO concentration and biosurfactant production by Bacillus pumilus. Moreover, there are works reporting that biosurfactant production was higher with waste oils from frying process than with pure coconut oil (George & Jayachandran, 2013), olive oil (Csutak, Corbu, Stoica, & Vassu, 2018) and soybean oil (Niu et al, 2019), probably due to higher free fatty acids content in waste oil.…”

“…Other operational and nutritional factors, such as temperature (Elazzazy et al, 2015;Khairuddin et al, 2016;Luo et al, 2013;Santos et al, 2019;Venkatesh & Vedaraman, 2012), stirring speed (Campos et al, 2014;Durval et al, 2019;Santos et al, 2019), aeration (Santos et al, 2019), medium volume (Niu et al, 2019), incubation time (Campos et al, 2014;Durval et al, 2019;George & Jayachandran, 2013), pH (Chen et al, 2018;Elazzazy et al, 2015;George & Jayachandran, 2013;Khairuddin et al, 2016;Niu et al, 2019;Santos et al, 2019;Venkatesh & Vedaraman, 2012), salinity (Khairuddin et al, 2016), inoculum ratio (Almeida et al, 2017;Campos et al, 2014;Lan et al, 2015;Niu et al, 2019) or mineral elements (Batista et al, 2010;Lan et al, 2015;Luo et al, 2013) are mentioned as affecting biosurfactants production by microorganisms from WCO. However, it seems that their influence is more dependent on the microbial species than on the fact that WCO are used as carbon source.…”