Producing regionalism: regional movements, ecosystems and equity in a fast and slow growth region

Abstract

Urban development pressures, preservation of environmentally sensitive areas and regional planning are the focus of current debates on regionalism in both fast and slow growth regions. Based on two cases-a campaign to preserve ecological integrity and reduce sprawl on the Oak Ridges Moraine in the Greater Toronto Area and Rochester's anti-sprawl campaign for regional equity-the paper examines how two anti-sprawl campaigns brought to the fore alternative constructions of regionalism. In the fast growing Toronto region, citizen mobilization and upper tier intervention resulted in a legislative base for regionalism. In the slow growth Rochester region, the city had limited success in gaining regional redistribution. Such divergent outcomes relate to differences in intergovernmental relations, the city's influence on the region, receptivity of suburbs to smart growth, and the potential for values of nature preservation and justice to mobilize regional coalitions.

Urban Governance of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

“…One of the greatest diffi culties for municipalities is to introduce a new policy priority into an already resource-stretched institutional environment, especially popular social policies like housing delivery (Barthel et al 2005 ;Asikainen and Jokinen 2009 ;Wekerle and Abbruzzese 2010 ). Box 27.2 draws from the experiences of a number of cities to show how diffi cult it is to change the direction and mode of governing in ways that embrace biodiversity.…”

“…The literature indicates that temporal, spatial, and functional mismatches between ecosystems and the institutions managing them may be an overarching challenge in ecosystem governance (cf. Lee 1993 ;Cumming et al 2006 ) Although scalemismatch in urban areas as a concept is mentioned overtly in relatively few studies (Borgström et al 2006 ;Ernstson et al 2010b ), it is a dilemma that permeates the literature either because of fragmented governance (where several jurisdictions exist within the city or the urban-rural region) or because ecosystem functioning does not align with administrative boundaries (Borgström et al 2006 ;Wekerle and Abbruzzese 2010 ). Box 27.4 provides local examples from Melbourne and Istanbul that detail how scale mismatches in governance can frustrate biodiversity governance.…”

“…Civil society associations have an important role in ecosystem governance, as groups voice concern for threatened ecosystem services, or trigger political action to avoid environmental degradation in general (e.g., While et al 2004 ;Barthel et al 2005Barthel et al , 2010Bengston and Youn 2006 ;Peterson et al 2007 ;Grimm et al 2008 ;Asikainen and Jokinen 2009 ;Wekerle and Abbruzzese 2010 ;Ernstson et al 2008Ernstson et al , 2010b ; Arifi n and Nakagoshi 2011 ; Morimoto 2011 ). Civil society initiatives reportedly built networks and mobilized action to infl uence decision makers, which compensated for fragmented governance in Toronto, Canada (Wekerle and Abbruzzese 2010 ).…”

“…Civil society initiatives reportedly built networks and mobilized action to infl uence decision makers, which compensated for fragmented governance in Toronto, Canada (Wekerle and Abbruzzese 2010 ). Other studies suggest that the development of NGOs could contribute to increasing awareness among citizens, enhancing green space management effort, and generating a more structured contact between citizens and public administration (Jim and Chen 2006 ).…”

The policy linkage of the municipal and provincial government brought by the Food Policy Council in Toronto, Ontario

“…ーが作成され、 市の公衆衛生局により採択された (21) <F-10>。 フードストラテジーは、 全トロント市民の必要性を満たす、 健康的で持続的な食システムをつくりだすこと 28) をビジョ ンに掲げ、その達成に向け市が今後取り組むべきことを明 示した (22) 。 採択後、 市の行政長官 (23) が市の全部局に対して、 既存の資源と他局との協働を活かしながら健康的で持続的 な食システムを支援するように求め (24) 、 【図 2】中の星印及 び【表 2】が示す通り、市の様々な政策で「食」が扱われ るようになった。2012 年にはこれも FPC の主導により、 都市農業の促進が謳われた「GrowTO 都市農業アクション プラン(GrowTO An Urban Agriculture Action Plan)」が市で策 定され<A-3>、都市農業 (25) が、大気の浄化、水の循環、土 壌の改良、受粉を助ける昆虫や鳥の生息地の提供など、食 だけでなく環境保全の側面からも捉えられている 29) 。2013 年からは「トロント農業プログラム」が開始され<A-4>、 少なくとも年に 1 回トロント市の全部局が集まり都市農業 の促進について議論する機会が設けられている (26) 。 州においては、市の FPC が関与し、2012 年に「ゴール デンホースシューにおける食・農業アクションプラン 2021(Golden Horseshoe Food and Farming: An Action Plan 2021)」が策定された…”