Processing of (in)tractable polymers using reactive solvents

Jansen, Bjp Bernard; Meijer, Heh Han; Lemstra, PJ Piet

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00454-6

Cited by 66 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The intersection of the cloud point and vitrification curves is called Berghmans point 23 and corresponds to a PPE percentage of approximately 50 wt %. This value is again lower than that reported 17 for HMW-PPE/DGEBA blends due to the shift of the cloud point curve to lower temperatures and the decrease of the thermoplastic T g . As a result of this intersection point, the phase diagram can be divided into two regions.…”

Section: Initial Phase Diagramcontrasting

confidence: 64%

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Poly(phenylene ether)/epoxy thermoset blends based on anionic polymerization of epoxy monomer

Prolongo

Cabanelas

Fine

et al. 2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Low molar mass poly (phenylene ether) (LMW-PPE) with phenol-reactive chain ends was used as modifier of epoxy thermoset. The epoxy monomer was diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and several imidazoles were used as initiators of anionic polymerization. The curing and phase separation processes were investigated by different techniques: Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Size Exclusion Chromatography, and Light Transmission measurements. The final morphology of blends was observed by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The epoxy network is obtained by imidazole initiated DGEBA homopolymerization. Initial LMW-PPE/DGEBA mixtures show an UCST behavior with cloud point temperatures between 40 and 90°C. PPE phenol end-groups can react with epoxy, leading to a better interaction between phases. The curing mechanism and phase separation process are not influenced by the chemical structure of initiators, except when reactive amine groups are present. The phase inversion is observed at 30 wt % of PPE. The mixtures with amine-substituted imidazole present important differences in the initial miscibility and curing process interpreted in terms of fast room temperature amine-epoxy reaction during blending. Final domain size is affected by this prereaction.

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Section: Initial Phase Diagramcontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…For this reason, several works have been developed for improving adhesion between phases, using a functionally terminated TP. [17][18][19] The modifier reactivity can influence the blend behavior and must be used to control the phase separation process and the generated morphology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(phenylene ether)/epoxy thermoset blends based on anionic polymerization of epoxy monomer

Prolongo

Cabanelas

Fine

et al. 2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Using polymerization induced phase separation, meanwhile controlling the coalescence process, special morphologies on the 0.03 µm scale are realized using PS and PMMA as the continuous phase (48,49,50,51,52,53). Reasons to try to create these special morphologies were inspired by the the experimental findings that the brittle to ultimate-tough transition in PS (defined as an increase in its macroscopic strain to break to at least >150%) is prescribed by the interparticle distance and, consequently, shifted from the addition of >50 vol.% non-adhering core shell rubbers to only >30 vol.%, when the size of the dispersed phase decreased from 200 nm (30,31) to 80 nm (48).…”

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Level Finite Element Method for Modeling Rubber-Toughened Amorphous Polymers

Meijer

Govaert

Smit

2000

Toughening of Plastics

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“…Since these morphologies cannot be prepared via conventional blending techniques, an alternative blending route has been explored which involves chemically induced phase separation during the in situ polymerization of an initially homogeneous monomer solution. 6 This method is used to prepare a blend of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with a dispersed rubbery epoxy phase, whose size is tailored by controlling the coarsening process after phase separation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, it is possible to obtain specific morphologies in semi-IPNs by controlling the coarsening process after phase separation via the system viscosity. 1,6 However, like cross-linking, an enhanced viscosity can also suppress the degree of demixing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubber-Modified Glassy Amorphous Polymers Prepared via Chemically Induced Phase Separation. 1. Morphology Development and Mechanical Properties

et al. 2001

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The introduction of rubbery particles can be applied to enhance shear yielding and, consequently, the toughness of brittle amorphous polymers. The critical transition in these polymers from crazing to shear yielding requires a submicrometer-or even nanometer-sized rubbery phase. These can be obtained via coalescence suppression in processes involving chemically induced phase separation but are also obtained in interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) where cross-linking or gelation is responsible for the morphology control. In all cases, the formation of a nanometer-sized morphology is accompanied by an enhanced interphase mixing, i.e., incomplete demixing resulting in a broad interface in which the composition gradually changes from one phase to the other. In this study, the influence of interphase mixing on the mechanical properties has been investigated. Besides the standard semi-IPN system based on poly(methyl methacrylate) and aliphatic epoxy resins, two additional systems being composed of the same constituents but with an increased degree of interfacial mixing have been investigated: a full-IPN prepared by cross-linking the acrylate phase and a copolymer system in which the acrylate phase is chemically bonded to the epoxy phase. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering experiments during tensile deformation demonstrated that the microscopic deformation mechanism is clearly influenced by the degree of demixing. Despite this, the macroscopic toughness is found to be rather system independent since for all three systems, a comparable synergistic toughening effect is observed in both tensile and impact deformation.

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Processing of (in)tractable polymers using reactive solvents

Cited by 66 publications

References 21 publications

Poly(phenylene ether)/epoxy thermoset blends based on anionic polymerization of epoxy monomer

Poly(phenylene ether)/epoxy thermoset blends based on anionic polymerization of epoxy monomer

A Multi-Level Finite Element Method for Modeling Rubber-Toughened Amorphous Polymers

Rubber-Modified Glassy Amorphous Polymers Prepared via Chemically Induced Phase Separation. 1. Morphology Development and Mechanical Properties

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