Processing, characterization and biological testing of porous titanium obtained by space-holder technique

Torres, Yadir; Rodríguez, José Antonio; Arias, Sandra L.; Echeverry, M.; Robledo, Sara M.; Amigó, Vicente; Pavón, Juan José

doi:10.1007/s10853-012-6586-9

Cited by 85 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The values obtained for compressive strength were also in agreement with other studies [36]. We obtained similar values of strength to [39] but a larger Young's modulus, and a similar Young's modulus to [40] but a larger value for the strength, confirming the suitability of the compaction and sintering method without oxidation ( Table 1). …”

Section: Structural and Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 91%

The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds

Torres-Sánchez

Mushref

Norrito

et al. 2017

Materials Science and Engineering: C

150

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The effect of pore size and porosity on elastic modulus, strength, cell attachment and cell proliferation was studied for Ti porous scaffolds manufactured via powder metallurgy and sintering. Porous scaffolds were prepared in two ranges of porosities so that their mechanical properties could mimic those of cortical and trabecular bone respectively.Space-holder engineered pore size distributions were carefully determined to study the impact that small changes in pore size may have on mechanical and biological behaviour. The Young's moduli and compressive strengths were correlated with the relative porosity.Linear, power and exponential regressions were studied to confirm the predictability in the characterisation of the manufactured scaffolds and therefore establish them as a design tool for customisation of devices to suit patients' needs. The correlations were stronger for the linear and the power law regressions and poor for the exponential regressions. The optimal pore microarchitecture (i.e. pore size and porosity) for scaffolds to be used in bone grafting for cortical bone was set to <212m with volumetric porosity values of 27-37%, and for trabecular tissues to 300-500m with volumetric porosity values of 54-58%. The pore size range 212-300m with volumetric porosity values of 38-56% was reported as the least favourable to cell proliferation in the longitudinal study of 12 days of incubation.

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Section: Structural and Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 91%

The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds

Torres-Sánchez

Mushref

Norrito

et al. 2017

Materials Science and Engineering: C

150

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“…There was a reduction in the porosity of the Ti blends containing percentages of CNT of 5% and 10% after 10 h synterization, with marked structural differences compared to the results obtained by the authors in previous works, especially those related to the minimum acceptable structural characteristics and porosity features of the samples, which can be explained in terms of the processing conditions used in our previous works. For example, the porous sample containing c.p Ti only (named S1), the long sintering time required here (10 h) was due to low values of both compaction pressure and sintering temperature used during the fabrication process (20 MPa and 900°C, respectively).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Balancing biofunctional and biomechanical properties using porous titanium reinforced by carbon nanotubes

Pavón

López

Mondragón

et al. 2018

J Biomedical Materials Res

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Despite the well‐known advantages of the titanium‐based implant systems, they still lack an optimal balance between biofunctionality and mechanical strength, especially regarding the modulation of cellular response and a desired implant osseointegration. In this work, we fabricated a nanocomposite based on porous commercially pure grade 4 titanium (c.p. Ti) reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT) at 5% and 10% w/w, with the aim of obtaining a nanocomposite with lower stiffness compared to traditional titanium‐based implants and with the mechanical strength and bioactivity owed by the CNT. Results obtained by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy characterization showed that the CNT dispersed and incorporated into the porous c.p. Ti matrix. Interestingly, CNT were associated with a higher twining within neighbor Ti grains, which was indeed consistent with an increased in nano‐hardness. Biological evaluation by MTT and Comet assay revealed that the nanocomposites did not induce genotoxicity and cytotoxicity on two different cells lines despite the presence of nickel at the surface. Accordingly, a purification step would be required before these CNT can be used for biomedical applications. Our results indicate that incorporation of CNT into porous c.p. Ti is a promising avenue to achieve an adequate balance between biofunctionality and mechanical strength in Ti‐based scaffolds for tissue replacement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 719–731, 2019.

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“…Additional details of the equipment, protocols, and definition of employed parameters are described in previous works by the authors [15][16][17].…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be stated that there is a dearth of studies about alternatives to producing longitudinal graded porosity materials by space holder with the aim of developing new biomechanical systems for bone replacement, such as in the long bones, where the bone at the ends has the appearance of a sponge (cancellous or trabecular bone), while the middle of the bone shaft is rather dense (cortical bone). In previous works, the authors have produced samples of titanium with homogeneous porosity by both conventional PM and space holder techniques [15][16][17], and samples with longitudinal graded porosity by loose-sintering and conventional PM technique [18]. Within that context, the purpose of this work is to obtain porous Ti biomaterials with a longitudinal graded structure specifically designed for cortical bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of new titanium implants with longitudinal gradient porosity by space-holder technique

et al. 2015

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Bone replacement with conventional biomaterials entails a biomechanical incompatibility with respect to highly specialized and anisotropic bone tissue; stiffness mismatch is the most important example of that event, and it is always present in the components of all prosthetic systems for dental and joint replacements. In the case of titanium implants used for those biomedical applications, the main consequence of that mismatch is the bone resorption around the implants due to stress shielding with respect to bone. Bio-inspired design frameworks have opened a broad field of possibilities for new approaches to the stress-shielding phenomenon in bone replacements systems. To that end, conventional and non-conventional powder metallurgy have emerged as the feasible processing techniques for producing porous samples, which can match both complexity and anisotropy of bone tissue. Complete dental restoration is a good example of biomechanical systems with an important change of longitudinal stiffness once the components are implanted; therefore, development of new prosthetics systems with graded porosity for continuous Young's modulus change is required. Samples with longitudinal graded porosity (symmetric and non-symmetric) by space-holder technique were developed, fabricated, and characterized in this work. Main findings indicated that the experimental procedure for space-holder elimination was effective, feasible, and reproducible, with better results for a compaction pressure of 800 MPa with low global NaCl content. Three-layer design (30/40/50) allowed stress shielding to be reduced without any important effect on mechanical strength with respect to the cortical bone.

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Processing, characterization and biological testing of porous titanium obtained by space-holder technique

Cited by 85 publications

References 54 publications

The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds

The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds

Balancing biofunctional and biomechanical properties using porous titanium reinforced by carbon nanotubes

Development of new titanium implants with longitudinal gradient porosity by space-holder technique

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