Processing and Preparation Method for High-Quality Opto-Electronic Perovskite Film

Abstract

The key to improving the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells lies in the optimization of the film morphology. The optical and electrical properties of the perovskite film, such as light absorption, carrier diffusion length, and charge transport, are all directly affected by the film morphology. Therefore, this review starts from the perovskite solar cells structure, and it summarizes the state-of-art perovskite film fabrication technologies and the caused film morphology to the performance perovskite solar cells. The spin coating method has an enormous waste of materials and only a small area of the device can be utilized. It is difficult to be used in commercial manufacturing. However, due to the high efficiency of this preparation method, it is irreplaceable in the initial research and development of perovskite materials, and so this method will be popular for a long time in the laboratory. Chemical vapor deposition and thermal vapor deposition have high technical requirements and a good repeatability of processing and manufacturing, and large-scale production can be realized. It may be the first technology to admit industrial application; the scratch coating method and slot-die have significant technical aspects. The similarity of the roll-to-roll manufacturing technology is also an efficient preparation method. Still, to achieve high-efficiency devices, it is necessary to consider the thickness control of each functional layer, and to find or prepare perovskite paste. Finally, we summarized the various fabrication processes and the prospects for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. We predict that to achieve the commercialization of perovskite solar cells, the existing fabrication technologies should be optimized and more studies should be conducted.

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enables NMR of Surface Passivating Agents on Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films

“…Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have emerged as a promising alternative to existing solar cell technologies owing to their bandgap tunability, − facile processing methods, , and competitive performance. − The perovskite crystal structure consists of an A-site cation (e.g., formamidinium, FA + , CH­(NH 2 ) 2 + ; methylammonium, MA + , CH 3 NH 3 + ) in a three-dimensional (3D) network of lead halide octahedra as shown in Figure a. As the photoactive phases of hybrid perovskite materials are not intrinsically stable under ambient conditions, methods to stabilize them are of intense current interest, with strategies based today either on elemental doping with inorganic cations (Cs + , K + , Rb + , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ ) − or on passivation by a surface treatment of organic molecules or salts. − When bulky molecular cations are used, two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskites can form where inorganic perovskite slabs are separated by layers of organic cations (Figure a). − Bulk layered perovskites are more stable than their 3D counterparts but typically have lower photoconversion efficiencies. , 2D/3D heterostructures, where the layered perovskite forms at the surface of the bulk perovskite, combine the higher stability provided by the 2D phase and the superior optoelectronic properties of the 3D perovskite, while further passivating interfacial vacancies to reduce nonradiative recombination. − The detailed manner in which organic moieties interact with the perovskite structure has been thought to modify the energy landscape of the material and thereby template the photoactive α-FAPbI 3 phase. ,, …”

“…Hybrid organic−inorganic perovskites have emerged as a promising alternative to existing solar cell technologies owing to their bandgap tunability, 1−3 facile processing methods, 4,5 and competitive performance. 6−11 The perovskite crystal structure consists of an A-site cation (e.g., formamidinium, FA + , CH(NH 2 ) 2 + ; methylammonium, MA + , CH 3 NH 3 + ) in a three-dimensional (3D) network of lead halide octahedra as shown in Figure 1a.…”

In-Depth Conceptual Study of an Enhanced Plasmonic Sensing System Using Antireflective Coatings and Perovskites for the Detection of Infectious Viral Antigens

“…However, these two methods are still not suitable for large-scale manufacturing. And, hence, to meet this requirement, the vapor-assisted solution and the thermal vapor deposition (TVD) methods are generally incorporated. − Although a lot of advancements have been made in the fabrication area, in order to fabricate nanomaterials that have specific sensory applications, there are still some impending challenges faced by the research entity. For instance, perovskites can form multiple nanostructures like quantum dots, nanocrystals, nanowires/rods, nanoparticles, and some synthetic generation methods that can lead to a mixture of structures.…”

Optimal Conditions for Preparation of Perovskite Materials for Optoelectronic Devices

“…The common crystallization technique entails three steps: (1) the supersaturation of solution; (2) the nuclei formation (3) the crystal growth. By means of the anti-solvent together with the evaporation of the solvent, the solution is supersaturated, then the nucleation process begins, accompanied by the consumption of solute, and the beginning of the crystal growth [18,19].…”