Processed meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women

Schulze, Matthias B.; Manson, JoAnn E.; Willett, Walter C.; Hu, Frank B.

doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1220-7

Cited by 201 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…After salty snacks people often drink sweet soft drinks, which may increase the level of postprandial glucose and may also lead to obesity and imbalanced nutrient intakes due to a reduced intake of healthier foods. The data from the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study [41] and the Nurses' Health Study [42] also found that a diet high in processed meats could increase the risk for developing type 2 diabetes. A diet with a high intake of salt from processed meats may be one potential explanation of above association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland

et al. 2005

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Aims/hypothesis: No previous studies on the association between salt intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes have been reported. The aim of this study was to assess whether high salt intake, measured by 24-h urinary sodium excretion, is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods: We followed prospectively 932 Finnish men and 1,003 women aged 35-64 years with complete data on 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion and other study parameters. Hazard ratios for the incidence of type 2 diabetes were estimated for different levels of 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Results: During a mean follow-up of 18.1 years, there were 129 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. The multivariate-adjusted (age, sex, study year, body mass index, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment, education, smoking and coffee, alcohol, fruit, vegetable, sausage, bread and saturated fat consumption) hazard ratio for diabetes for the highest vs combined lower quartiles of 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 2.05 (95% CI, 1.43-2.96). This positive association persisted in non-obese and obese subjects, in normotensive and hypertensive subjects, as well as in men and women. Potassium excretion was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions/ interpretation: High sodium intake predicted the risk of type 2 diabetes, independently of other risk factors including physical inactivity, obesity and hypertension. These results provide direct evidence of the harmful effects of high salt intake in the adult population, although the confounding effect of other dietary factors cannot be fully excluded.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland

et al. 2005

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“…In previous epidemiological studies, meat intake, especially processed meat, has been associated with increased risk of diabetes (Snowdon & Phillips, 1985;Colditz et al, 1992;van Dam et al, 2002b;Schulze et al, 2003). It has been hypothesized that the association is mediated by the betacell toxic effect of nitrosoamines or by saturated fat, or advanced glycation end-products (Peppa et al, 2002;van Dam et al, 2002b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relation between processed meat consumption and the development of diabetes has been addressed in a number of studies (Snowdon & Phillips, 1985;Colditz et al, 1992;van Dam et al, 2002b;Schulze et al, 2003). The alleged mediators include saturated fat, cholesterol, nitrites, and advanced glycation end-products (Peppa et al, 2002;van Dam et al, 2002b;Schulze et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food consumption and the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus

et al. 2005

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Objective: The consumption of different foods was studied for their ability to predict type II diabetes mellitus. Design: The study design was a cohort study, based on the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. Setting: A total of 30 communities from different parts of Finland. Subjects: A total of 4304 men and women, 40-69 y of age and free of diabetes at baseline in 1967-1972 and followed up for incidence of diabetes medication during 23 y (383 incident cases). Results: Higher intakes of green vegetables, fruit and berries, oil and margarine, and poultry were found to predict a reduced risk of type II diabetes. The relative risks of developing type II diabetes between the extreme quartiles of the intakes were 0.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 0.50-0.93; P for trend (P) ¼ 0.02) for green vegetables, 0.69 (CI ¼ 0.51-0.92; P ¼ 0.03) for fruit and berries, 0.71 (CI ¼ 0.52-0.98; P ¼ 0.01) for margarine and oil, and 0.71 (CI ¼ 0.54-0.94; P ¼ 0.01) for poultry. Conclusion:The results suggest that prevention of type II diabetes might be aided by consumption of certain foods that are rich in nutrients with hypothesized health benefits.

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“…Meat intake was associated with: an increased prevalence of diabetes in men and women; and an increased diabetes-associated mortality in men, but not in women. Several subsequent publications have reported an increased risk of diabetes or type 2 diabetes with a high intake of processed meat [17][18][19][20][21][22][23], red meat [17-19, 22, 24, 25] and total meat [15,17,23], but the results have not been consistent [20,21,26,27]. To clarify this association we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of meat intake and type 2 diabetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

2009

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Aims/hypothesis Diet is thought to play an important role in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have found positive associations between meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes, but the results have been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of meat consumption and type 2 diabetes risk. Methods We searched several databases for cohort studies on meat consumption and type 2 diabetes risk, up to December 2008. Summary relative risks were estimated by use of a random-effects model. Results We identified 12 cohort studies. The estimated summary RR and 95% confidence interval of type 2 diabetes comparing high vs low intake was 1.17 (95% CI 0.92-1.48) for total meat, 1.21 (95% CI 1.07-1.38) for red meat and 1.41 (95% CI 1.25-1.60) for processed meat. There was heterogeneity amongst the studies of total, red and processed meat which, to some degree, was explained by the study characteristics. Conclusions/interpretation These results suggest that meat consumption increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the possibility that residual confounding could explain this association cannot be excluded.

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Processed meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women

Cited by 201 publications

References 52 publications

Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland

Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland

Food consumption and the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus

Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

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