Process Optimization for Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Indonesian Medicinal Plant Extracts

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an interesting metal nanoparticle that can be incorporated into pharmaceutical products, including for diabetic foot ulcers as an antimicrobial agent. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extracts has been drawing much attention as it is simple, eco-friendly, stable, and cost-effective. This present study was performed to evaluate the potential of three Indonesian medicinal plant extracts, namely Phyllanthus niruri (PN), Orthosiphon stamineus (OS), and Curcuma longa (CL), as reducing and capping agents in the green synthesis of AgNPs, and to optimize their concentrations. Based on the yields and characteristics of the formed nanoparticles, which were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffractometer, Phyllanthus niruri extract at a concentration of 0.5% was concluded as the best extract in the green synthesis of AgNPs. It is thereby a prospective reducing and capping agent for further scale-up studies.

Comparative Cytotoxic Evaluation of Zygophyllum album Root and Aerial Parts of Different Extracts and Their Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Lung A549 and Prostate PC-3 Cancer Cell Lines

“…It is also noticed that the PDI results were around 0.5, which is moderate polydispersity for the prepared nanoparticles from all of the extracts. Although the PDI value was relatively high, a higher PDI value of biosynthesized AgNPs was reported by Kartini et al, who stated that PDI > 0.7 is considered polydisperse [28]. Similar values were obtained by Khan et al and Shahzad et al [29,30].…”

Optimization, Characterization, and Biological Applications of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Essential Oil of Aerial Part of Laggera tomentosa

“…Therefore, the determined magnitude of zeta potential, −49.5 mV (Figure 10b), with an overall negative charge on the surface of synthesized AgNPs, roughly predicted the stability of LTEO-AgNPs, which is supported by the existing literature reports [36]. Stability is one of the parameters that ensures the life span of AgNPs can be used effectively in different application areas [33,37,56]. The physicochemical stability of LTEO-AgNPs was studied over 6 months using UV-Vis spectra analysis.…”

“…The demonstrated FT-IR spectra of LTEO were more probably for major functional groups of oxygenated compounds and aromatic compounds. Moreover, the functional groups of chemical constituents of LTEO are supported by the existing literature review [33,39] and the structures of chemical compounds identified by GC/MS analysis in this study.…”

“…For the determination of surface morphology and elemental composition of LTEO-AgNPs, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analyses were performed using SEM-EDX (SSX-550 SEM-EDX, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) with Sigma 300 operated at 20 kV based on the procedure reported by Saha and co-workers [32] with some minor modifications. LTEO-AgNPs crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffractometer (Philips PW1710; Philips Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) with a tube containing an X-ray with a copper target emitting Cu-Kα line with 1.54 A • wavelength and Bragg's angle limit of 30 • ≤ 2θ ≤ 80 • based on the procedure provided in the previous study [33].…”

“…The physicochemical stability of LTEO-AgNPs was studied over 6 months using UV-Vis spectra analysis. LTEO-AgNPs samples Stability is one of the parameters that ensures the life span of AgNPs can be used effectively in different application areas [33,37,56]. The physicochemical stability of LTEO-AgNPs was studied over 6 months using UV-Vis spectra analysis.…”