Process development for elemental recovery from PGM tailings by thermochemical treatment: Preliminary major element extraction studies using ammonium sulphate as extracting agent

Thermochemical processing of a South African ultrafine coal fly ash using ammonium sulphate as extracting agent for aluminium extraction

“…(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is widely available at low-cost and offers the added advantage of being recyclable [20], in comparison to other activating agents such as NaOH and Na 2 CO 3 . Insight on the thermal decomposition of pure (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 over the temperature range studied was provided elsewhere [26]. CFA and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 salt were thoroughly mixed at two mass ratios (2:3 and 2:6 m/m) in a fused quartz crucible.…”

“…The focus of our group was to identify and test a promising aluminium extraction process that 3 makes use of a widely available, low-cost, recyclable extracting agent. Ammonium sulphate salt ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) meets all three criteria [20], and its thermal solid-solid reactions with silicate and oxide minerals for elemental extraction have been extensively studied [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Its reaction with CFA has also recently emerged as an area of great interest in China, owing to its advantages over acidic, alkali, and acid-alkali methods [27][28][29].…”

A Review of Urban Mining in the Past, Present and Future

“…The metals from the filtrate are then are then extracted. This treatment process is still in the experimental stages, but recycling processes such as this one will cut down on the demand for mining virgin materials by utilizing mining byproducts [13]. A second type of urban mining is mining hibernation stocks.…”

Analisis Termodinamika Molekul Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)

“…Termokimia MgSO4 dibagi atas dua bagian, yakni entropi molar standar dan entalpi molar standar (53)(54)(55) . Termokimia magnesium sulfat dalam fasa solid dengan ∆ , ∆ ,°, dan pada tekanan 1 atm dan suhu 25°C yang masing-masing mempunyai nilai -1284,9 kJ/mol, -1170,7 kJ/mol, 91,6 J/molK dan 96,48 J/molK.…”

“…Pembawa muatan dapat berupa elektron seperti logam atau dapat juga digunakan ion positif dan ion negatif seperti dalam larutan elektrolit dan leburan garam. Arus listrik terjadi didalam suatu larutan karena adanya ion yang bergerak (119)(120)(121)(122) .Termokimia MgSO4 dibagi atas dua bagian, yakni entropi molar standar dan entalpi molar standar (53)(54)(55) . Termokimia magnesium sulfat dalam fasa solid dengan ∆ , ∆ ,°, dan pada tekanan 1 atm dan suhu 25°C yang masing-masing mempunyai nilai -1284,9 kJ/mol, -1170,7 kJ/mol, 91,6 J/molK dan 96,48 J/molK.…”