Procedures for preventing transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (O/TAW/97) by people

Amass, Sandra F.; Mason, Peter W.; Pacheco, Juan M.; Miller, Cheryl A.; Ramírez, Antonio J.; Clark, Leigh; Ragland, Darryl; Schneider, Jessica L.; Kenyon, S.J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.07.020

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…They can also carry and transfer the virus on their skin, hair and clothes (AUSVETPLAN, ). FMDV can also be spread through contaminated vehicles (Amass et al., ; EFSA, ). There is extensive involvement of middlemen ‘beopari’ in the livestock production and marketing chain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Challenges to Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan - Findings of a Pilot Survey

Abbas

Younus

Muhmmad

et al. 2012

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Pakistan is at an initial stage for progressive control of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Understanding the risk factors for introduction, spread and persistence of the infection is important to design an evidence-based disease control programme. A rapid appraisal method was adopted, and a convenient sample of twenty commercial dairy farmers was interviewed. The following were considered to contribute in secondary transmission of infection: (i) intermediaries and service providers [animal health workers, animal traders and transporters, raw milk collectors, persons who remove skin of dead animals], (ii) places where animals come in close contact [livestock markets, animal fairs, communal grazing pastures, routes in villages where livestock move, watering points, animal transport vehicles], (iii) use of bulls immediately after recovery from FMD infection, (iv) range land/desert livestock production, (v) small holder sheep and goat production, (vi) purchase of replacement stock and fodder from infected locations. This article reveals contacts within and between villages, some of which may act as routes of transmission of FMD. The study suggests the need for zoosanitary education of the livestock keepers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Challenges to Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan - Findings of a Pilot Survey

Abbas

Younus

Muhmmad

et al. 2012

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Sellers et al have shown that human nasal mucosa is a possible vehicle for foot-and-mouth-disease virus even when a high level of biosecurity is implemented [27]. This was refuted by Amass et al who found a low risk of virus transmission by personnel after hand wash and change of outerwear [28]. Wright et al found a low risk of prolonged human nasal carriage of the virus [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporary carriage of bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus by fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to infected calves

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn order to prevent spread of the endemic pathogens bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) between herds, knowledge of indirect transmission by personnel and fomites is fundamental. The aims of the study were to determine the duration of viral RNA carriage and the infectivity of viral particles on fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to BCoV and BRSV. During two animal infection experiments, swabs were collected from personnel (nasal mucosa) and their clothes, boots and equipment after contact with calves shedding either virus. Viral RNA was quantified by RT-qPCR or droplet digital RT-PCR (RT-ddPCR), and selected samples with high levels of viral RNA were tested by cell culture for infectivity.ResultsFor BCoV, 46% (n = 80) of the swabs from human nasal mucosa collected 30 min after exposure were positive by RT-qPCR. After two, four and six hours, 15%, 5% and 0% of the swabs were positive, respectively. Infective virions were not detected in mucosal swabs (n = 2). A high viral RNA load was detected on 97% (n = 44) of the fomites 24 h after exposure, and infective virions were detected in two of three swabs. For BRSV, 35% (n = 26) of the human nasal mucosa swabs collected 30 min after exposure, were positive by RT-ddPCR, but none were positive for infective virions. Of the fomites, 89% (n = 38) were positive for BRSV RNA 24 h after exposure, but all were negative for infective viruses.ConclusionsThe results indicate that human nasal mucosa can carry both BCoV and BRSV RNA after exposure to virus shedding calves, but the carriage seems short-lived and the transmission potential is likely limited. High viral loads on contaminates fomites 24 h after exposure to infected animals, and detection of infective BCoV, indicate that contaminated fomites represent a significant risk for indirect transmission between herds.

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“…Improving on-farm biosecurity also has implications for preventing outbreaks of exotic diseases. Most of these diseases are highly contagious but the probability of introduction still depends on many factors and may be reduced by routine biosecurity measures [30][31][32]. Although farmers will most likely not be very interested in preventing disease outbreaks that they believe may never happen, or perceive is the responsibility of the authorities [13,33,34], a perceived ability to prevent the introduction of circulating disease has been associated with a positive attitude to on-farm biosecurity measures [35].…”

Section: Compliance With Biosecurity Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment as a tool for improving external biosecurity at farm level

et al. 2015

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BackgroundBiosecurity routines at herd level may reduce the probability of introduction of disease into the herd, but some measures may be regarded as expensive and cumbersome for the farmers. Custom-made measures based on individual farm characteristics may aid in improving the actual application of on-farm biosecurity.The aim of the study was to provide a tool for calculating the effects of different biosecurity measures and strategies on the individual farm level.A simple model was developed to assess the risk of disease introduction and the need for biosecurity measures in individual farms. To illustrate the general applicability of the tool, it was applied to theoretical examples of Swedish cattle and pig farms and diseases endemic in those animal species in the EU, in two scenarios with different between-farm contact patterns.ResultsThe model illustrated that the most important factors affecting the risk, and the effect of biosecurity measures such as quarantine routines and protective clothing, were the frequency of between-farm contacts and prevalence of the disease. The risk of introduction as well as the effect of biosecurity measures differed between farm types and disease transmission routes. Adapting contact patterns to mitigate a specific disease risk was as important as biosecurity measures for some farm types, but the largest effect was seen when combining biosecurity measures with more planned contact patterns.ConclusionsThe risk assessment model proved useful for illustrating the risk of introduction of endemic diseases and the mitigating effect of different biosecurity measures on farm level. Model outputs could be used to justify prioritisation of measures or adapting contact patterns. The theoretic exercise of adjusting model inputs and comparing outputs may help veterinary advisors to understand farm-specific risks and motivate farmers to improve biosecurity in their individual farm, as it can be tailored to each farmer’s needs and preferences.

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Procedures for preventing transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (O/TAW/97) by people

Cited by 26 publications

References 13 publications

Some Challenges to Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan - Findings of a Pilot Survey

Some Challenges to Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan - Findings of a Pilot Survey

Temporary carriage of bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus by fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to infected calves

Risk assessment as a tool for improving external biosecurity at farm level

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