Procedures for Handling Aerometric Data

Nehls, Gerald J.; Akland, Gerald

doi:10.1080/00022470.1973.10469762

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Linear regression models were used to interpret the relationships between PBDE concentrations and lipid content, total length of fish, body weight of fish, and trophic levels. For the purposes of statistical analysis, any concentration below the detection limit was assigned the value of one-half of the MDL to calculate the geometric mean of replicates (Nehls and Akland 1973). Tissue concentrations were log-transformed prior to statistical analyses to meet the assumption of normality.…”

Section: Stable Isotope (D 13 C and D 15 N) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan

et al. 2009

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are hydrophobic chemicals and can biomagnify in food chains. Little is known about the biomagnification of PBDEs in the Lake Michigan food web. Plankton, Diporeia, lake whitefish, lake trout, and Chinook salmon were collected from Lake Michigan in 2006 between April and August. Fish liver and muscle and whole invertebrates were analyzed for six PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were also quantified in order to establish the trophic structure of the food web. Geometric means of Sigma PBDE concentrations in fish ranged from 0.562 to 1.61 microg/g-lipid. BDE-209 concentrations ranged from 0.184 to 1.23 microg/g-lipid in all three fish species. Sigma BDE-47, 99, and 209 comprised 80-94% of Sigma PBDE molar concentration. Within each fish species, there were no significant differences in PBDE concentrations between liver and muscle. The highest concentration of BDE-209 (144 microg/g-lipid) was detected in Diporeia. Based on analysis of delta(15)N and PBDE concentrations, BDE-47 and 100 were found to biomagnify, whereas BDE-209 did not. A significant negative correlation between BDE-209 and trophic level was found in this food web. Biomagnification factors were also calculated and again BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified between food web members whereas BDE-209 did not. Diporeia could be one of the main dietary sources of BDE-209 for fish in Lake Michigan; BDE-47 and 100 biomagnified within this food chain; the concentration of BDE-209 decreased at higher trophic levels, suggesting partial uptake and/or biotransformation of BDE-209 in the Lake Michigan food web.

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Section: Stable Isotope (D 13 C and D 15 N) Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan

et al. 2009

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“…Air pollution data for PM 10 were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Retrieval System (Nehls and Akland 1973). Many of the cities have more than one monitoring location, requiring a method to average over multiple locations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the association of airborne particles with daily deaths confounded by gaseous air pollutants? An approach to control by matching.

Schwartz

2004

Environ Health Perspect

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Although particulate air pollution has been associated with increased numbers of daily deaths in dozens of cities around the world, issues still remain about the association. Some have questioned the complex modeling used to control for season in Poisson regression or the role of gaseous air pollutants as potential confounders of the association. I examined the association between deaths and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM 10 ) using a case-crossover design. In this approach, the pollution on the day of each death is contrasted with the pollution level on control days when the subject did not die. Season and gaseous air pollutants were controlled by matching. Control days were chosen within the same month of the same year to control for season, and matched on either sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ; within 1 ppb), nitrogen dioxide (within 1 ppb), maximum ozone (within 2 ppb), or carbon monoxide (within 0.03 ppm). The analysis was conducted in 14 U.S. cities that have daily PM 10 monitoring. After matching, there were about 400,000 deaths in each analysis. Results were combined across cities using a maximum likelihood method. PM 10 was a significant predictor of mortality when controlling for gaseous air pollutants, with effect sizes ranging from a 0.45% increase per 10 µg/m 3 increment of PM 10 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.12-0.79%] when matched on maximum hourly ozone levels, to a 0.81% increase per 10 µg/m 3 increment of PM 10 (95% CI, 0.47-1.16%) when matched on 24-hr average SO 2 .

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“…Air pollution data for PM 10 were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) (16). Many of the cities have more than one monitoring location.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung disease.

Zanobetti

Schwartz

Dockery

2000

Environ Health Perspect

337

151

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We examined the association between particulate matter [less than/equal to] 10 microm; (PM(10)) and hospital admission for heart and lung disease in ten U.S. cities. Our three goals were to determine whether there was an association, to estimate how the association was distributed across various lags between exposure and response, and to examine socioeconomic factors and copollutants as effect modifiers and confounders. We fit a Poisson regression model in each city to allow for city-specific differences and then combined the city-specific results. We examined potential confounding by a meta-regression of the city-specific results. Using a model that considered simultaneously the effects of PM(10) up to lags of 5 days, we found a 2.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8-3. 3] increase in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a 1.95% (CI, 1. 5-2.4) increase in pneumonia, and a 1.27% increase (CI, 1-1.5) in CVD for a 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM(10). We found similar effect estimates using the mean of PM(10) on the same and previous day, but lower estimates using only PM(10) for a single day. When using only days with PM(10) < 50 mg/m(3), the effect size increased by [greater/equal to] 20% for all three outcomes. These effects are not modified by poverty rates or minority status. The results were stable when controlling for confounding by sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide. These results are consistent with previous epidemiology and recent mechanistic studies in animals and humans.

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Procedures for Handling Aerometric Data

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a food web of Lake Michigan

Is the association of airborne particles with daily deaths confounded by gaseous air pollutants? An approach to control by matching.

Airborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung disease.

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