“…Therefore, only dependence on phosphine for fumigation due to nonavailability of other effective alternatives has inevitably resulted in insect resistance problems in many storage insect pests (Bengston et al, 1996;Chaudhry, 2000;Mills, 2001;Collins et al, 2002;Daglish et al, 2002;Hasan and Reichmuth, 2004;Pimentel et al, 2007;Wakil et al, 2021). The resistance to phosphine and other fumigants is observed in majority of stored grain pests such as red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae, and lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica which poses a very serious threat to postharvest grain produce around the globe (Dyte and Halliday, 1985;Badmin, 1990;Bell, 2000;Chaudhry, 2000;Valmas et al, 2008;Newman, 2010;Ali et al, 2013;Holloway et al, 2016;Collins and Schlipalius, 2018;Attia et al, 2020;Nayak et al, 2020;Collins et al, 2017). Thereby, insecticide resistance has become an issue of international importance (Champ and Dyte, 1977;Benhalima et al, 2004;Collins et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2006;Sparks et al, 2021).…”