Probiotics for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systemic Review

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) are a group of conditions that affect the neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to their degeneration and eventually causing the loss of function in the affected areas. These disorders can be caused by a range of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Major pathological signs of these diseases are protein misfolding, proteosomal dysfunction, aggregation, inadequate degradation, oxidative stress, free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, impaired bioenergetics, DNA damage, fragmentation of Golgi apparatus neurons, disruption of axonal transport, dysfunction of neurotrophins (NTFs), neuroinflammatory or neuroimmune processes, and neurohumoral symptoms. According to recent studies, defects or imbalances in gut microbiota can directly lead to neurological disorders through the gut-brain axis. Probiotics in ND are recommended to prevent cognitive dysfunction, which is a major symptom of these diseases. Many in vivo and clinical trials have revealed that probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus casei, etc.) are effective candidates against the progression of ND. It has been proven that the inflammatory process and oxidative stress can be modulated by modifying the gut microbiota with the help of probiotics. As a result, this study provides an overview of the available data, bacterial variety, gut-brain axis defects, and probiotics’ mode of action in averting ND. A literature search on particular sites, including PubMed, Nature, and Springer Link, has identified articles that might be pertinent to this subject. The search contains the following few groups of terms: (1) Neurodegenerative disorders and Probiotics OR (2) Probiotics and Neurodegenerative disorders. The outcomes of this study aid in elucidating the relationship between the effects of probiotics on different neurodegenerative disorders. This systematic review will assist in discovering new treatments in the future, as probiotics are generally safe and cause mild side effects in some cases in the human body.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 attenuates hippocampal damage and memory impairments in an ADHD rat model

“…36 Many in vivo and clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics such as Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium bifidum , and Lactobacillus casei are effective to inhibit the progression of neurodegeneration. 37 It is also noted that probiotic administration restored neurogenesis by increasing the number of Ly6C(hi) monocytes involved in immune surveillance and host defense upon infection and inflammation. 38 Therefore, mechanisms of BAA6 on neurodegeneration and neurogenesis still need to be further elucidated.…”

“…57 In addition, it has been proven that probiotics modulate the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders by modifying the microbiota. 37 Therefore, BAA6 may be possible as a multi-target adjuvant therapy of ADHD in the future.…”

Lactiplantibacillus (Lactobacillus) plantarum as a Complementary Treatment to Improve Symptomatology in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Systematic Review of Open Access Literature

“…Of these, Lactiplantibacillus (Lactobacillus) plantarum appears to have the most promising results in the intervention of symptoms associated with neurodegeneration [ 78 , 79 , 80 ]. Several authors have suggested that the use of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , alone or in combination, improves specific symptoms such as motor, cognitive and psychiatric signs in neurodegenerative processes [ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. Research regarding these effects has increased in the last decades, making it necessary to compare with the results obtained.…”

A Review on the Protective Effects of Probiotics against Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Probiotics, according to FAO, are live microorganisms that provide positive benefits when taken orally by the host [36]. Neurodegenerative illnesses have been shown to benefit from probiotic use in terms of both therapy and prevention [37][38][39]. Studies have shown that probiotic consumption delays the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as MS and PD.…”

“…They are particularly effective in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are the two main causes of neurodegeneration [1]. PD and AD are two neurodegenerative conditions associated with a decline in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [38]. BDNF, a protein that aids in the survival and proliferation of neurons, is produced by several probiotics [42].…”