Probiotic Cell-Free Supernatants Exhibited Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity on Human Gut Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Stimulated with LPS

Abstract

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing all over the world, especially in industrialized countries. The aim of the present work was to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of metabolites. In particular, cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii have been investigated. Metabolites produced by these probiotics were able to downregulate the expression of PGE-2 and IL-8 in human colon epithelial HT-29 cells. Moreover, probiotic supernatants can differently modulate IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 production by human macrophages, suggesting a peculiar anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, supernatants showed a significant dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. This study suggests one of the mechanisms by which probiotics exert their anti-inflammatory activity affecting directly the intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying macrophages. This study provides a further evidence to support the possible use of probiotic metabolites in preventing and downregulating intestinal inflammation as adjuvant in anti-inflammatory therapy.

Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics

“…In particular, supernatants from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii reversed the state of disturbed intestinal peristalsis caused by stress stimuli [14]. S. boulardii supernatants also show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity [9], similar to bacterial cell supernatants, and can accelerate wound healing and regeneration of the intestinal barrier [15].…”

“…Supernatants produced from cultures of different microorganisms show differing activities. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei supernatants have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils by reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) cytokine and increasing secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) [9]. Meanwhile, supernatants derived from L. casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG cultures can prevent the invasion of colon cancer cells [10].…”

Comparison of two probiotic preparations on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, nutrient digestibility and cytokine gene expression in broiler chickens

“…It was reported that certain strains of bacteria have high potential to adhere on intestinal mucosa which increase the possibility of bacterial penetration to the blood. This happening is even more possible in hosts who have epithelial barrier dysfunction (De Marco et al 2018). It is well known that the health state of the birds depends on some certain factors such as integrated intestinal barrier (Wu et al 2019).…”

Gut microbiota modulation: a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer

“…Targeted delivery of hydrogel-coating p40 (to protect p40 from degradation) is effective in preventing and treating intestinal injury and inflammation, as well as promoting protective immune response [74]. Cell-free supernatant of several other probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve, are also shown to downregulation inflammation or preserve gut barrier function primarily [76][77][78], though the exact identity of the postbiotics and the molecular mechanisms are not yet fully understood.…”