Probiotic-Based Bacteriocin: Immunity Supplementation Against Viruses. An Updated Review

Abstract

Viral infections are a major cause of severe, fatal diseases worldwide. Recently, these infections have increased due to demanding contextual circumstances, such as environmental changes, increased migration of people and product distribution, rapid demographic changes, and outbreaks of novel viruses, including the COVID-19 outbreak. Internal variables that influence viral immunity have received attention along with these external causes to avert such novel viral outbreaks. The gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM), particularly the present probiotics, plays a vital role in the host immune system by mediating host protective immunity and acting as an immune regulator. Bacteriocins possess numerous health benefits and exhibit antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunobiotics, thereby inhibiting viral infections. Moreover, disrupting the homeostasis of the GIM/host immune system negatively affects viral immunity. The interactions between bacteriocins and infectious viruses, particularly in COVID-19, through improved host immunity and physiology are complex and have not yet been studied, although several studies have proven that bacteriocins influence the outcomes of viral infections. However, the complex transmission to the affected sites and siRNA defense against nuclease digestion lead to challenging clinical trials. Additionally, bacteriocins are well known for their biofunctional properties and underlying mechanisms in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. However, few studies have shown the role of probiotics-derived bacteriocin against viral infections. Thus, based on the results of the previous studies, this review lays out a road map for future studies on bacteriocins for treating viral infections.

Protective Effect of Novel Lactobacillus plantarum KC3 Isolated from Fermented Kimchi on Gut and Respiratory Disorders

“…Probiotics can reduce local intestinal inflammation by directly reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal cells [22][23][24]. Recent studies have shown that probiotics can also have a systemic anti-inflammatory effect beyond their local effects by secreting anti-inflammatory molecules such as short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and exopolysaccharides [25][26][27][28]. Given their potential for both local and systemic anti-inflammation, we developed probiotics with efficacy in both intestinal and lung inflammation.…”

Are probiotics beneficial for obese patients with major depressive disorder? Opinion for future implications and strategies

“…Various studies have shown that intervention with probiotic consumption plays a role in preventing and improving dysbiosis, through the improvement and enhancement of cytoskeleton structure, increased mucin secretion through the activation of secretory proteins MUC2 and MUC3, and phosphorylation of tight junction proteins in the gut barrier ( Figure 1 ) ( 51 , 52 ). Improvement of dysbiosis is achieved through increased variability of gut microbiota and production of bacteriocin and organic acids, creating an unfavorable environment for the colonization of pathogenic bacteria and their metabolites ( 53 , 54 ). In addition, probiotic supplementation can increase tightness and restore damaged epithelial barrier function through the improvement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) ( 55 ).…”

The Efficacy of Probiotics as Antiviral Agents for the Treatment of Rotavirus Gastrointestinal Infections in Children: An Updated Overview of Literature

“…Bacteriocins produced by probiotics have also proven effective against viral infections as they exhibit antimicrobial potential against viral pathogens by prevention of viral particle aggregation and blocking the sites of host cell receptors or inhibition of viral penetration into human cells [49][50][51][52].…”