Probiotic and Potentially Probiotic Bacteria with Hypocholesterolemic Properties

Natural ingredients and probiotics for lowering cholesterol and saturated fat in dairy products

“…BSH promotes the breakdown of cholesterol by hydrolyzing conjugated bile acids. This process releases free primary bile acids (e.g., cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) that are hardly reabsorbed by the intestines and excreted in faeces, resulting in decreased serum cholesterol levels (Pourrajab et al, 2020;Romero-Luna et al, 2021).…”

“…This helps to reduce cholesterol absorption in the intestines. Some SCFAs, such as butyrate and propionate, can inhibit enzyme reactions in the liver, resulting in cholesterol synthesis inhibition (Romero-Luna et al, 2021).…”

“…LAB, such as L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, and Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC 393, produce cholesterol reductase enzyme, which reduces cholesterol to coprostanol. This process lowers cholesterol levels because coprostanol is poorly absorbed by the intestines and is expelled through feces (Romero-Luna et al, 2021).…”

Preparation of Polysaccharide–Protein Hydrogels with an Ultrafast Self-Healing Property as a Superior Oral Delivery System of Probiotics

“…Probiotics are live microorganisms beneficial to the human body when ingested in enough amounts, such as relieving lactose intolerance, improving immunity, lowering cholesterol, etc. In addition, they play an essential role in maintaining the balance of intestinal flora and maintaining human health. − Oral administration of sufficient live probiotics can compete with harmful bacteria for sites and nutrients in the intestinal tract, thereby inhibiting the growth and colonization of harmful bacteria. , Furthermore, some metabolites of probiotics (also called postbiotics), such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), can improve intestinal immunity and flora balance to prevent or treat intestinal diseases such as colitis and colon cancer. − Regarding the benefits of probiotics and their metabolites, the oral intake of probiotic supplements has been considered as an alternative treatment for maintaining intestinal flora balance and relieving some gastrointestinal disorders. However, supplementing probiotics by simple oral administration also faces some limitations, , for instance, low survival rates through the harsh conditions in the digestive tract (gastric acid, bile salts, etc.…”