“…The values of η h and µ were considered as 0.5 and 0.3, respectively [5,6]. A lumped expression is used to estimate the convective heat loss from the surfaces as [21,22]…”
Section: Numerical Modellingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The values of η h and µ were considered as 0.5 and 0.3, respectively [5, 6]. A lumped expression is used to estimate the convective heat loss from the surfaces as [21, 22] where h b = 10.0 W m −2 K −1 . Figure 3 Schematic of the (a) stud and substrate assembly, and (b) initial mesh and (c) initial tracer locations (indicated in red colour) at the beginning of the stud burn-off stage.…”
Friction hydro-pillar processing (FHPP) is a novel technique that involves solid-state joining of an external plug onto a substrate by plastic deformation. A systematic investigation on material flow during FHPP is required but rarely reported. The present work reports a coupled theoretical and a three-dimensional X-ray computer tomography-based experimental study using a Ti-alloy as a tracer material to realise the material flow during FHPP of a AISI 4140 steel substrate. The cumulative results showed that the central portion of the plug deformed in a series of layerwise shear planes. However, the plasticised material towards the outer area of the plug flowed through the clearance between the plug and the substrate with excess volume moving out as flash.
“…The values of η h and µ were considered as 0.5 and 0.3, respectively [5,6]. A lumped expression is used to estimate the convective heat loss from the surfaces as [21,22]…”
Section: Numerical Modellingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The values of η h and µ were considered as 0.5 and 0.3, respectively [5, 6]. A lumped expression is used to estimate the convective heat loss from the surfaces as [21, 22] where h b = 10.0 W m −2 K −1 . Figure 3 Schematic of the (a) stud and substrate assembly, and (b) initial mesh and (c) initial tracer locations (indicated in red colour) at the beginning of the stud burn-off stage.…”
Friction hydro-pillar processing (FHPP) is a novel technique that involves solid-state joining of an external plug onto a substrate by plastic deformation. A systematic investigation on material flow during FHPP is required but rarely reported. The present work reports a coupled theoretical and a three-dimensional X-ray computer tomography-based experimental study using a Ti-alloy as a tracer material to realise the material flow during FHPP of a AISI 4140 steel substrate. The cumulative results showed that the central portion of the plug deformed in a series of layerwise shear planes. However, the plasticised material towards the outer area of the plug flowed through the clearance between the plug and the substrate with excess volume moving out as flash.
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