Probing the anisotropic behaviors of black phosphorus by transmission electron microscopy, angular-dependent Raman spectra, and electronic transport measurements

Lu, W. T.; Ma, Xiaomeng; Fei, Zhen; Zhou, Jianguang; Zhang, Zhiyong; Jin, Chuanhong; Zhang, Ze

doi:10.1063/1.4926731

Cited by 46 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…As discussed above, the crystal structure of black phosphorus (sketched in Figure 1a) is the stem of its in-plane anisotropic properties. 7,9,12,[19][20][21]47,51,96,97,[104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122] Graphene, boron nitride or Mo-and W-based transition metal dichalcogenides, on the other hand, do not present noticeable in-plane anisotropy. Figure 5 summarizes the in-plane angular distribution of electrical, optical and mechanical properties of black phosphorus.…”

Section: Rather Unusual In-plane Anisotropymentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus: Narrow Gap, Wide Applications

Castellanos-Gómez

2015

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

661

526

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The recent isolation of atomically thin black phosphorus by mechanical exfoliation of bulk layered crystals has triggered an unprecedented interest, even higher than that raised by the first works on graphene and other two-dimensionals, in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community. In this Perspective, we critically analyze the reasons behind the surge of experimental and theoretical works on this novel two-dimensional material. We believe that the fact that black phosphorus band gap value spans over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum (interesting for thermal imaging, thermoelectrics, fiber optics communication, photovoltaics, etc.) that was not covered by any other two-dimensional material isolated to date, its high carrier mobility, its ambipolar field-effect, and its rather unusual in-plane anisotropy drew the attention of the scientific community toward this two-dimensional material. Here, we also review the current advances, the future directions and the challenges in this young research field.

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Section: Rather Unusual In-plane Anisotropymentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus: Narrow Gap, Wide Applications

Castellanos-Gómez

2015

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

661

526

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“…Of the layered 2D materials, low symmetry 2D materials have emerged as anisotropic electronic and optoelectronic candidates. Compared to graphene and MoS2 with the highly symmetric hexagonal structures, those 2D materials with reduced symmetry, ranging from black phosphorus [8][9][10] and WTe2 [11] to ReS2 and ReSe2, have internal anisotropic physical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct identification of monolayer rhenium diselenide by an individual diffraction pattern

Fei

Wang

et al. 2017

Nano Res.

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In the current extensive studies of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials, compared to the hexagonal ones, like graphene, hBN and MoS2, low symmetry 2D materials have shown great potential for applications in anisotropic devices. Rhenium diselenide (ReSe2) has the bulk space group P1 � and belongs to triclinic crystal system with a deformed cadmium iodide type structure. Here we propose an electron diffraction based method to distinguish monolayer ReSe2 membrane from multilayer ReSe2, and its two different vertical orientations, our method could also be applicable to other low symmetry crystal systems, including both triclinic and monoclinic lattices, as long as their third unit-cell basis vectors are not perpendicular to their basal planes. Our experimental results are well explained by kinematical electron diffraction theory and corresponding simulations. The generalization of our method to other 2D materials, like graphene, is also discussed.Address correspondence to Chuanhong Jin, chhjin@zju.edu.cn Moreover, ReS2 and ReSe2 share similar crystal structures, they both have a distorted octahedral 1T structure and belong to triclinic crystal system, and Re atoms form zigzag chains in the basal plane, arising from the Peierls distortion. Therefore, ReSe2 and ReS2 flakes have both in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropy, and recently there have been numbers of applications based on their anisotropic properties [12][13][14][15][16][17].When materials are thinned down to atomically thin membranes, thickness begins to play an important role in tailoring their properties, and vice versa, there are a variety of techniques to determine their thicknesses, ranging from image contrast of reflected light microscopy [18][19][20][21][22][23][24], second harmonic microscopy [25][26][27][28], intuitive atomic force microscopy and cross-sectional imaging to Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy [29][30][31][32]. In the field of electron microscopy, there are miscellaneous methods to identify thickness as well, which include peak shift in plasmon spectroscopy [33,34], direct high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging combined with simulations [35] and linearity in annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (ADF-STEM) signals [36,37]. Apart from the above methods, electron diffraction analysis [34,[38][39][40][41][42][43] has also been demonstrated as an efficient tool to determine thickness in 2D materials, since it could be conducted on any commercial uncorrected TEM conveniently with negligible beam damages on a large area of pristine crystalline samples. Furthermore, diffraction based methods usually involve a series of sample tilting or use the relative ratio of the chosen diffraction spots, and some researchers noticed the intensity mismatch in a pair of crystallographically equivalent diffraction spots (Friedel pair) [41,44,45], here we demonstrate a method of identifying monolayer ReSe2 by the centrosymmetry with a single diffraction pattern.

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“…Previous studies have revealed a range of intriguing anisotropic behaviors of BP in terms of its optical spectrum, Raman scattering, light absorption, photo-detection, and electrical conductivity. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] While these properties reported in the literature have formed a valuable basis, many applications in the optical domain demand more information regarding the wave characteristics of the interacting light with the BP medium, specifically its phase. Moreover, the manipulation of the phase retardance of light in conjunction with interferometric techniques allows us to achieve optical contrast much stronger than an intensity measurement alone could 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 offer, as has been demonstrated extensively in optical metrology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Optical Phase Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus

et al. 2016

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Layered black phosphorus has triggered enormous interest since its recent emergence. Compared to most other two-dimensional materials, black phosphorus features a moderate band gap and pronounced in-plane anisotropy, which stems from the unique atomicpuckering crystal structure. The future potential of black phosphorus in optoelectronics demands a deeper understanding of its unique anisotropic behavior. In particular, the phase information of light when interacting with the material is imperative for many applications in the optical regime.In this work we have comprehensively studied a wide range of optical anisotropic properties of black phosphorus, including the Raman scattering, extinction spectra, and phase retardance by utilizing conventional spectral measurements and a uniquely developed interferometric spectroscopy and imaging technique. The phase retardance of light passed through black phosphorus is exploited in conjunction with polarization interferometric techniques to demonstrate an optical contrast an order of magnitude higher than a purely polarization-based measurement could offer.The past decade has witnessed the explosive development of two-dimensional (2D) materials, whose ever-expanding family now represents one of the most exciting frontiers in physics and materials science. The intriguing physical properties of 2D materials, primarily derived from their out of plane quantum confinement and the strong in-plane bonding, have enabled diverse applications in electronics, mechanics, as well as optics and photonics. 1-7 Among this new class of material, graphene has laid the foundation for the 2D frontier of nanoscale optical applications in integrated nano-photonics, 8, 9 ultrafast light detection, 10, 11 and plasmonics. 12, 13 Now, this field is quickly being populated with other materials such as transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) which exhibit exotic properties of their own. For instance, TMDC has demonstrated optical helicity controlled valley polarization which opens pathways for valleytronics. 14-17 Recently, layered black phosphorus (BP) has been reintroduced to the family from its dormancy a century ago. [18][19][20][21] As a new member of the 2D material class, BP bridges the semi-metallic graphene and semiconducting TMDC with a moderate band gap. [22][23][24][25][26] Compared to most other 2D materials, whose electronic and photonic properties are isotropic in-plane, the most distinguishable property of BP is its in-plane anisotropy stemming from the unique atomic-puckering crystal structure. Previous studies have revealed a range of intriguing anisotropic behaviors of BP in terms of its optical spectrum, Raman scattering, light absorption, photo-detection, and electrical conductivity. 27-34 While these properties reported in the literature have formed a valuable basis, many applications in the optical domain demand more information regarding the wave characteristics of the interacting light with the BP medium, specifically its phase. Moreover, the manipulation of the phase retardan...

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Probing the anisotropic behaviors of black phosphorus by transmission electron microscopy, angular-dependent Raman spectra, and electronic transport measurements

Cited by 46 publications

References 44 publications

Black Phosphorus: Narrow Gap, Wide Applications

Black Phosphorus: Narrow Gap, Wide Applications

Direct identification of monolayer rhenium diselenide by an individual diffraction pattern

Visualizing Optical Phase Anisotropy in Black Phosphorus

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