Probabilistic classification learning in Tourette syndrome

Kéri, Szabolcs; Szlobodnyik, Csaba; Benedek, György; Janka, Zoltán; Gádoros, Júlia

doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00210-x

Cited by 69 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The WPT has been used extensively to examine the neural mechanisms of non declarative learning (Aron et al, 2005;Foerde et al, 2006;Poldrack et al, 2001;Poldrack et al, 1999;Shohamy et al, 2004) and to assess the integrity of nondeclarative learning processes in various neuropsychological populations ( Beninger et al, 2003;Eldridge et al, 2002;Foerde et al, 2008;Hopkins et al, 2004;Kéri et al, 2002;Knowlton et al, 1996;Knowlton et al, 1994). However, the present study suggests that nondeclarative learning processes are not necessary and are insufficient for the levels of performance commonly seen with the WPT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing the contributions of implicit and explicit processes to performance of the weather prediction task

Price

2009

Memory & Cognition

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing the contributions of implicit and explicit processes to performance of the weather prediction task

Price

2009

Memory & Cognition

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“…A number of tasks have probed learning in declarative memory. First, whereas implicit procedural learning in the weather prediction task is impaired, the same TS subjects show normal explicit (declarative memory) learning of other information in this task (Keri et al, 2002;Marsh et al, 2004). Second, spared object location memory was found in the same subjects who showed impairments at mental rotation and at implicit learning in the weather prediction task Marsh et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Learning implicit probabilistic rules in the weather prediction task, which depends at least in part on the caudate nucleus, is impaired (Keri, Szlobodnyik, Benedek, Janka, & Gadoros, 2002;Marsh et al, 2004). However, problems with procedural learning have not been found in rotary pursuit, mirror tracing, and serial reaction time tasks, all of which depend at least in part on procedural memory structures (Channon, Pratt, & Robertson, 2003;Marsh, Alexander, Packard, Zhu, & Peterson, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome

2007

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Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by motor and verbal tics. The tics, which are fast and involuntary, result from frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities that lead to unsuppressed behaviors. Language has not been carefully examined in TS. We tested the processing of two basic aspects of language: idiosyncratic and rule-governed linguistic knowledge. Evidence suggests that idiosyncratic knowledge (e.g., in irregular past-tense formation; bring-brought) is stored in a mental lexicon that depends on the temporal-lobe-based declarative memory system that also underlies conceptual knowledge. In contrast, evidence suggests that rule-governed combination (e.g., in regular past-tenses; walk + -ed) takes place in a mental grammar that relies on the frontal/ basal-ganglia based procedural memory system, which also underlies motor skills such as how to use a hammer. We found that TS children were significantly faster than typically-developing control children at producing rule-governed past-tenses (slip-slipped, plim-plimmed, bring-bringed) but not irregular and other unpredictable past-tenses (bring-brought, splim-splam). They were also faster than controls at naming pictures of manipulated (hammer) but not non-manipulated (elephant) items. These data were not explained by a wide range of potentially confounding subject-and item-level factors. The results suggest that the processing of procedurally-based knowledge, both of grammar and of manipulated objects, is particularly speeded in TS. The frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities may thus lead not only to tics, but to a wider range of rapid behaviors, including in the cognitive processing of rule-governed forms in language and other types of procedural knowledge. Keywords procedural memory; morphology; basal ganglia; picture naming; past tense; regular inflection Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a developmental disorder characterized by the presence of verbal and motor tics (APA, 1994). Tics, which may be expressed as "simple" or "complex" motor movements or vocalizations (e.g., "simple" grunting, or "complex" shouting of phrases), are both fast and involuntary (see references below and Tulen, Groeneveld, Romers, De Vries, & Van De Wetering, 2001). The tics appear to be caused by disturbances of the basal-ganglia and closely connected regions of cortex, especially motor and cognitive regions of the frontal lobes (Albin & Mink, 2006;Albin, Young, & Penney, 1989;Bradshaw, 2001;Singer & Wendlandt, *Corresponding author. Address: Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Box 571464, Washington, DC 20057-1464, Tel: (202) Fax: (202) 687-6914, E-mail: michael@georgetown.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note t...

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“…Subjects performed a classification learning task, which has been extensively studied previously (e.g., Aron et al, 2004;Beninger et al, 2003;Keri et al, 2002;Knowlton et al, 1994Knowlton et al, , 1996Moody et al, 2004;Poldrack et al, 2001;Shohamy et al, 2004). On each trial, one to three (out of 4 potential) cards were presented: giving 14 potential different combinations (we used just 13 of these).…”

Section: Behavioral Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term test–retest reliability of functional MRI in a classification learning task

2006

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Functional MRI is widely used for imaging the neural correlates of psychological processes and how these brain processes change with learning, development and neuropsychiatric disorder. In order to interpret changes in imaging signals over time, for example, in patient studies, the long-term reliability of fMRI must first be established. Here, eight healthy adult subjects were scanned on two sessions, 1 year apart, while performing a classification learning task known to activate frontostriatal circuitry. We show that behavioral performance and frontostriatal activation were highly concordant at a group level at both time-points. Furthermore, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), which index the degree of correlation between subjects at different time-points, were high for behavior and for functional activation. ICC was significantly higher within the network recruited by learning than outside that network. We conclude that fMRI can have high long-term test-retest reliability, making it suitable as a biomarker for brain development and neurodegeneration.

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Probabilistic classification learning in Tourette syndrome

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

Distinguishing the contributions of implicit and explicit processes to performance of the weather prediction task

Distinguishing the contributions of implicit and explicit processes to performance of the weather prediction task

Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome

Long-term test–retest reliability of functional MRI in a classification learning task

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