Proanthocyanidins: novel treatment for psoriasis that reduces oxidative stress and modulates Th17 and Treg cells

Abstract

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin disease that affects 2%-4% of the global population. Recent studies have shown that increased oxidative stress (OS) and T-cell abnormalities are central to the pathogenesis of this disease. The resulting reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces proliferation and differentiation of Th17/Th1/Th22 cells and inhibits the anti-inflammatory activities of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg). Subsequent secretions of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and angiogenesis. Proanthocyanidins are a class of flavonoids from plants and fruits, and have various antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic properties. Numerous reports have demonstrated therapeutic effects of proanthocyanidins for various diseases. Among clinical activities, proanthocyanidins suppress cell proliferation, prevent OS, and regulate Th17/Treg cells. Because the pathogenesis of psoriasis involves OS and T cells dysregulation, we reviewed the effects of proanthocyanidins on OS, Th17 and Treg cell activities, and keratinocyte proliferation and angiogenesis. Data from multiple previous studies warrant consideration of proanthocyanidins as a promising strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.

Immunometabolism in rheumatoid arthritis

“…These findings supported the notion that the up-regulation of Tcell glycolysis is not just a consequence of differentiation, but rather is a necessary step to facilitate differentiation [49]. In addition, several signals, such as ROS, mTOR, PIK3, akt, and HIF-1a, have been found to induce an increase in glycolysis in T cells, but these upstream signals cannot explain how inhibiting glycolysis facilitates the differentiation of Treg cells [23,24,[50][51][52].…”

<p>Cyclodextrin-Modified CeO₂ Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Nanozyme for Combinational Therapy of Psoriasis</p>

“…13 Previous studies also found that antioxidants can improve the symptoms of psoriasis. 10,[14][15][16][17][18][19] These results suggest that our system has a potential application in psoriasis therapy by suppressing ROS and protecting cells from oxidative stress.…”

“…11,13 Therefore, antioxidative strategies eradicating ROS may serve as effective and easy treatment options for psoriasis. 14 Antioxidants, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 15 glabridin, 16 proanthocyanidins, 17 polyandric acidA 18 and other natural compounds 19,20 with beneficial effects on cutaneous psoriasis have been reported.…”

Salidroside inhibits MAPK, NF-κB, and STAT3 pathways in psoriasis-associated oxidative stress via SIRT1 activation

“…Generation of ROS is a crucial step in the induction of oxidative stress in psoriasis. ROS generally act as second messengers during this process and lead to an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, HO − , and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and decrease in the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH-px [3,9,13]. Elevated levels of oxidative products result in the activation of Th1 and Th17 cells and keratinocytes through the MAPK, NF-κB, and JAK-STAT pathways [12,14].…”

“…Moreover, other previous studies have established their association with autoimmune diseases and environmental factors. Recently, it has been reported that the generation of oxidative stress could promote psoriasis through the MAPK, NF-κB, and STAT3 pathways and that it can be alleviated by inhibition of these three pathways [3,4].…”