Proanthocyanidin: Chemistry and Biology: From Phenolic Compounds to Proanthocyanidins

Zuiter, Afnan Saeid

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.11046-7

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…Flavonoids are a type of polyphenolic compound, its chemical structure is varied but the general skeleton structure is composed of 15 carbones (C6-C3-C6), which are grouped in two aromatic rings (A and B) connected by a 3-carbon bridge that gives rise to an oxygenated heterocycle (C) [11][12][13][14][15] ( Figure 1). Flavonoids are derivatives of 1, 3-diphenylpropan-1-one and their biosynthetic pathway is the condensation of three malonyl-CoA molecules with one p-coumaroyl-CoA molecule to the intermediate chalcone [16,17].…”

Section: Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavonoids are derivatives of 1, 3-diphenylpropan-1-one and their biosynthetic pathway is the condensation of three malonyl-CoA molecules with one p-coumaroyl-CoA molecule to the intermediate chalcone [16,17]. Flavonoids are water-soluble pigments present in the plant kingdom as secondary plant metabolites [2,18,19], which can be found specifically in the cytosol and stored in the plant cell vacuole [12,17]. Flavonoids are classified according to differences in the structure of the heterocyclic C ring; these differences may be caused by the oxidation state and the degree of unsaturation of the heterocyclic ring (or the lack thereof in the case of chalcones).…”

Section: Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavanones (dihydroflavones) have a structure that differs in the lack of a double bond (C 2 -C 3 ) in the C-ring of the flavonoid structure. This type of flavonoid can be found in aromatic plants (such as mint), tomatoes, citrus (especially grapefruit) [12]. Flavanones can be found in nature as forms of aglycones and glycosides, some examples of such compounds are naringenin, hesperetin, and eriodictyol [21].…”

Section: Flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A double bond between C 2 and C 3 and a hydroxyl group is included in their structures [13]. Some of the most important phytochemical compounds that represent this group are as follows: Myricetin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol [12,22,23]. They can be found in a variety of colors (from white to yellow).…”

Section: Flavonolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conventional and Emerging Extraction Processes of Flavonoids

et al. 2020

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Flavonoids are a group of plant constituents called phenolic compounds and correspond to the nonenergy part of the human diet. Flavonoids are found in vegetables, seeds, fruits, and beverages such as wine and beer. Over 7000 flavonoids have been identified and they have been considered substances with a beneficial action on human health, particularly of multiple positive effects because of their antioxidant and free radical scavenging action. Although several studies indicate that some flavonoids have provident actions, they occur only at high doses, confirming in most investigations the existence of anti-inflammatory effects, antiviral or anti-allergic, and their protective role against cardiovascular disease, cancer, and various pathologies. Flavonoids are generally removed by chemical methods using solvents and traditional processes, which besides being expensive, involve long periods of time and affect the bioactivity of such compounds. Recently, efforts to develop biotechnological strategies to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic solvents have been reported, reducing processing time and maintaining the bioactivity of the compounds. In this paper, we review, analyze, and discuss methodologies for biotechnological recovery/extraction of flavonoids from agro-industrial residues, describing the advances and challenges in the topic.

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Section: Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flavonolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conventional and Emerging Extraction Processes of Flavonoids

et al. 2020

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“…Proanthocyanidins are also sorted into subclasses according to their monomeric units and substitution patterns. One of proanthocyanidin subclasses are procyanidins with hydroxyl pattern 3, 3 , 4 , 5, 7 [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaves of Invasive Plants—Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed—The Promising New Source of Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins

Bensa

Glavnik

Vovk

2020

Plants

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This is the first report on identification of all B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, and decamers) and some of their gallates in leaves of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey). Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis, and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). All species contained (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2, while (+)-catechin was only detected in Bohemian and giant knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin C1 was only confirmed in giant knotweed. Leaves of all three knotweeds have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization but differ with respect to gallates. Therefore, chromatographic fingerprint profiles of proanthocyanidins enabled differentiation among leaves of studied knotweeds, and between Japanese knotweed leaves and rhizomes. Leaves of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins (based on the total peak areas), with the highest content in giant and the lowest in Japanese knotweed. The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed were 0.84 kg/t of dry weight (DW), 1.39 kg/t DW, 2.36 kg/t, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 0.99 kg/t DW, 1.40 kg/t, 2.06 kg/t, respectively. Giant knotweed leaves showed the highest variety of gallates (dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates, and hexamer gallates), while only monomer gallates and dimer gallates were confirmed in Japanese knotweed and monomer gallates, dimer gallates, and dimer digallates were detected in leaves of Bohemian knotweed. The profile of the Bohemian knotweed clearly showed the traits inherited from Japanese and giant knotweed from which it originated.

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Comparing pH differential and methanol‐based methods for anthocyanin assessments of strawberries

Taghavi

Patel

Rafie

2021

Food Science & Nutrition

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Anthocyanins are a group of water‐soluble polyphenolic pigments found primarily in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. These pigments play critical roles in plant and human health. Spectrophotometric methods are a simple and inexpensive way to quantify anthocyanins in plant tissues. Two main spectrophotometric methods have been developed, organic solvent‐based, and pH differential methods. Both of these methods are subject to interference from light‐absorbing impurities and need to be optimized for different matrixes of different plant materials. Eight methods have been tested in this experiment to quantify anthocyanins in strawberry fruits. Six organic solvent‐based methods tested methanol, chloroform‐methanol, and MgO in different ratios. The other two methods were pH differential method and a combination of organic solvent‐based and pH differential method. Two methods used organic solvents (methanol and chloroform‐methanol) were the best in extracting anthocyanin from strawberry fruits. Adding MgO increased the pH of the extract and was less efficient in anthocyanin extraction. All other methods had lower anthocyanin yield compared with methanol and chloroform‐methanol methods and are not recommended for strawberry fruit anthocyanin extraction.

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Proanthocyanidin: Chemistry and Biology: From Phenolic Compounds to Proanthocyanidins

Cited by 27 publications

References 169 publications

Conventional and Emerging Extraction Processes of Flavonoids

Conventional and Emerging Extraction Processes of Flavonoids

Leaves of Invasive Plants—Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed—The Promising New Source of Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins

Comparing pH differential and methanol‐based methods for anthocyanin assessments of strawberries

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