Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in threatened miscarriages

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to evaluate circulating and intracellular levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with threatened miscarriage (TM) and subsequent outcome.STUDY DESIGN: Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptors 1 and 2, TNF␣, interferon gamma (IFN␥), and interleukins (IL) -6 and -10 were measured by flow cytometric bead assays in 80 women with TM: 53 women with normal outcome and 27 women who miscarried. Fluorescent antibody labeling was also performed on whole blood in a subgroup of 27 women of TM: 16 women with normal outcome and 11 women who miscarried. RESULTS:Monocyte expression of TNF␣ and circulating levels of TNF␣, IFN␥, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-R1 were significantly lower, whereas circulating levels of TNF␣/IL-10, IFN␥/IL-10, and TNF␣/IL-6 ratios were significantly higher, in women with TM who subsequently miscarried, compared with the women with normal outcome.CONCLUSION: An increased Th1 type of immune response, which was similar to that observed in preterm delivery, was found in TM cases that were complicated by a subsequent miscarriage.

The role of tumor necrosis factor-receptors in pregnancy with normal and adverse outcome

“…Recently, studies have shown that altered levels of these receptors in the circulation, in combination with other cytokines and/ or hormones, may play a role in predicting miscarriage in patients presenting with threatened miscarriage. 206 Future clinical trials are needed to study the possible benefit of anti-TNF treatment in pregnancy complications.…”

Salt and Pregnancy Complications: A Proposal for Future Research

“…Different investigations indicated the roles of increased Th1/Th17 and decreased Th2/Treg patterns and their cytokines in recurrent miscarriages and preeclampsia [9,15,17,18]. For example, Wang et al [19,20] reported an increased number of Th17 cells in placental tissues and a high level of IL-17 cytokine in peripheral blood of women with recurrent miscarriage.…”

“…Calleja-Agius et al [17] found increased levels of TNF-α/IL-10 and IFNγ/IL-10 ratios in pregnant women who had a high risk of miscarriage. Inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 also involve in the pathphysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia [21].…”

Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Th1/Th2 Paradigm in Females with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

“…Abnormal maternal immune response has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms underlying RM. 3 Multiple factors, such as the cytokine environment and costimulatory molecules present during activation of the naive T-helper cell, determine the development of either Th1-or Th2-helper phenotype. 2 An increased Th1 type of immune response was observed in women undergoing RPL or threatened miscarriages.…”