Printability Study of a Conductive Polyaniline/Acrylic Formulation for 3D Printing

Arias-Ferreiro, Goretti; Ares‐Pernas, Ana; Lasagabáster-Latorre, A.; Aranburu, Nora; Guerrica-Echevarría, Gonzalo; Dopico-Garcı́a, M.S.; Abad, M. J.

doi:10.3390/polym13132068

Cited by 18 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In contrast with previous reports, [46,65] no significant differences are observed in the Young modulus of PANI composites compared to pristine acrylic resin within experimental error. However, the tensile strength and the elongation at break, neatly decreased as the amount of PANI increase, reducing ductility (both parameters decreased around 50% for 3.5 wt% PANI).…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiescontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…These observations are in agreement with the different morphologies detected by SEM. Similarly, increasing the photoinitiator content from 4 to 10 wt% partly overcomes the competitive strong UV light absorption of PANI and increased the DBC% value of the composites with 3.5 wt% PANI, [46,60] in accordance with previous results.…”

Section: Uv-vis and Ftir Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The adequate viscosity of the resin is key to ensure a successful printing process. [4,46] The viscosity values obtained at 10 s −1 for all formulations are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Viscosity Of Liquid Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16] Therefore, as far as the authors are aware, there are no studies dedicated to the synthesis of flexible materials, suitable for conventional 3D printing (DLP) based on polyaniline (PANI) in a photocurable acrylic matrix, valid for wearable electronics and sensors fabrication. The addition of polyanilines to UV curable resins [27][28][29] for 3D printing [30,31] is a major challenge due to the high UV absorption of PANI, so the investigation of this topic represents a significant scientific and technological novelty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photocurable Printed Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensor Based on an Acrylic Resin Modified with Polyaniline and Lignin

Arias-Ferreiro

Ares‐Pernas

Lasagabáster-Latorre

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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In this context, dielectric polymeric materials are being investigated due to their scientific and technological interest since they combine dielectric properties with appropriate mechanical flexibility and simple processability. [2,3] Such composite materials show huge opportunities to be integrated in devices such as electronics, [4][5][6] sensors and actuators. [7] Within this context, additive manufacturing emerges as a set of advanced fabrication techniques that enable the production of fully functional electronic devices in one step printing. [1,[8][9][10] However, for photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques the number of UV curable materials suitable for the fabrication of sensors and actuators is still scarce. [1] Research in this field pursues 3D printing materials with new features but also environmentally more friendly and sustainable, as demanded by today's society. [11][12][13] Techniques as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) are based on the layer-by-layer solidification of a liquid photosensitive resin via UV-light exposure. [14] This is a tailorable process where multicomponent resins provide the photo-rheological and mechanical properties necessary to ensure a successful print. [15] The design of suitable materials for the manufacture of pressure sensors with high sensitivity and flexibility in wearable electronics is still a challenge. In this study, a flexible and portable pressure sensor is developed based on a photopolymeric formulation of polyaniline (PANI)/Lignin/acrylate. The amount of photoinitiator and the presence of lignin within the filler are investigated to obtain the best printability and capacitive response. Low PANI contents drastically increase the dielectric constant and 4 wt% photoinitiator improves the signal and sensitivity. A sensitivity of 0.012 kPa -1 is achieved in a linear range (0-10 kPa) with only 3.5 wt% PANI. Lignin improves both the dispersion of the filler within the matrix and the printability of the resin, due to lower absorptivity at the UV wavelength of the 3D printer. Thus, the PANI-Lignin filler is selected for the fabrication of a piezocapacitive prototype transducer. The pressure transducer demonstrate its practical application by responding to a human footfall and transmitting its corresponding electrical signal. This study shows the enhanced properties of lignin modified PANI acrylate composites. Based on lignin, an abundant natural waste, a sustainable photocurable cost-effective polymer is proposed for the fabrication of printable, wearable electronics.

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Section: Mechanical Propertiescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Uv-vis and Ftir Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The adequate viscosity of the resin is key to ensure a successful printing process. [4,46] The viscosity values obtained at 10 s −1 for all formulations are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Viscosity Of Liquid Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photocurable Printed Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensor Based on an Acrylic Resin Modified with Polyaniline and Lignin

Arias-Ferreiro

Ares‐Pernas

Lasagabáster-Latorre

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…Both capable of printing complex structures with high resolution using photocurable polymers. 97 As illustration, Arias-Ferreiro et al 86,98 reported a photocured polyaniline (PANI)/acrylate polymer composite obtaining suitable electrical and electrochemical properties for SC. Despite SLA and DLP technologies are able to print flexible and customized devices, they do not allow the integration of different components in the same process, so they are not the most suitable obtaining technique for energy storage devices in the present.…”

Section: Other Am Techniques (Sla and Digital Light Processing)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Last developments in polymers for wearable energy storage devices

Lage-Rivera

Ares‐Pernas

Abad

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Our modern and technological society requests enhanced energy storage devices to tackle the current necessities. In addition, wearable electronic devices are being demanding because they offer many facilities to the person wearing it. In this manuscript, a historical review is made about the available energy storage devices focusing on super-capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, since they currently are the most present in the industry, and the possible polymeric materials suitable on wearable energy storage devices. Polymers are a suitable option because they not only possess remarkable mechanical resistance, flexibility, long life-times, easy manufacturing techniques and low cost in addition to they can be environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and even biodegradable too. Moreover, the electrical and electrochemical polymer properties can be tunning with suitable fillers giving to versatile conducting polymer composites with a good cost and properties' ratio. Although the advances are promising, there are still many drawbacks that need to be overcome. Future research should focus on improving both the performance of materials and their processability on an industrial scale, where additive manufacturing offers many possibilities. The sustainability of new energy storage devices should not

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Low‐Roughness 3D‐Printed Surfaces by Ironing for the Integration with Printed Electronics

Neuhaus,

Idris,

Naderi

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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The roughness of 3D‐printed surfaces poses a challenge when integrating fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing with printed electronics, leading to inconsistencies and breaks in the circuit traces. To improve the surface roughness, we propose an ironing toolpath. The ironing toolpath involves the hot nozzle going over the printed surface with finer line spacing, remelting the surface to fill gaps, and creating a smooth finish. For further optimization, various ironing parameters are investigated including flow, speed, line spacing, and temperature. A wide range of materials is tested, including commonly used low‐temperature filaments (PLA, PETG, ABS) and high‐temperature filaments (PSU, PEI, PEEK) suitable for integration with printed electronics and medical applications. To collect the extensive datasets an automated measurement system is deployed. With this method, surface roughness reductions of up to 96.6% are achieved and significant trends are identified. Lastly, the integration of 3D printing with electronics is demonstrated by printing a high‐resolution strain gauge structure on top of an ironed surface and embedding it into fully printed tweezers which could be used in medical robotics. The insights on ironing extend beyond electronics and can also be valuable in other areas where low surface roughness of FFF‐printed parts is required.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Printability Study of a Conductive Polyaniline/Acrylic Formulation for 3D Printing

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

Photocurable Printed Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensor Based on an Acrylic Resin Modified with Polyaniline and Lignin

Photocurable Printed Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensor Based on an Acrylic Resin Modified with Polyaniline and Lignin

Last developments in polymers for wearable energy storage devices

Low‐Roughness 3D‐Printed Surfaces by Ironing for the Integration with Printed Electronics

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