Principles of physiology, general and comparative

Carpenter, William Benjamin; Crosby, Thomas Boor; Herschel, John Frederick William

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.109753

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Béclard talked about ‘the multitude of varieties or of degrees of complication' of organs (Béclard & Togno, 1830, p. 32). Carpenter noted that evolution and development both involve an increase in complexity or “complication” of form and function (Carpenter, 1839, pp. 170, 357).…”

Section: Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theories, laws, and models in evo‐devo

Richardson

2021

J Exp Zool Pt B

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Evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) is the study of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Here, I review some of the theories, models, and laws in evo‐devo, past and present. Nineteenth‐century evo‐devo was dominated by recapitulation theory and archetypes. It also gave us germ layer theory, the vertebral theory of the skull, floral organs as modified leaves, and the “inverted invertebrate” theory, among others. Newer theories and models include the frameshift theory, the genetic toolkit for development, the ABC model of flower development, the developmental hourglass, the zootype, Urbilateria, and the hox code. Some of these new theories show the influence of archetypes and recapitulation. Interestingly, recent studies support the old “primordial leaf,” “inverted invertebrate,” and “segmented head” theories. Furthermore, von Baer's first three laws may now need to be rehabilitated, and the hourglass model modified, in view of what Abzhanov has pointed out about the maternal‐zygotic transition. There are many supposed “laws” of evo‐devo but I argue that these are merely generalizations about trends in particular lineages. I argue that the “body plan” is an archetype, and is often used in such a way that it lacks any scientific meaning. Looking to the future, one challenge for evo‐devo will be to develop new theories and models to accommodate the wealth of new data from high‐throughput sequencing, including single‐cell sequencing. One step in this direction is the use of sophisticated in silico analyses, as in the “transcriptomic hourglass” models.

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Section: Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theories, laws, and models in evo‐devo

Richardson

2021

J Exp Zool Pt B

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“…46-47). He cited Carpenter's (1851) account of Hall's work to support the idea that the cord generated motor power for maintaining muscle tone. Bain (1855) concluded that the nerve centres of the spine have in them a constant charge of nervous energy, which flows out at all times, a force originating there independently of outward 2 Bain cites very few associationist sources other than James Mill, although the influence of the concepts of Hartley and Hume, for example, are apparent in his own work.…”

Section: Physiology and Associationismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nineteenth-century inhibitory theories of thinking: Bain, Ferrier, Freud (and Phineas Gage).

Macmillan¹

2000

History of Psychology

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The theories of thinking of Alexander Bain, David Ferrier, and Sigmund Freud are examined and their relation to Phineas Gage explored. During the 19th century Ferrier derived an inhibitory-motor theory of thinking from a similar theory of Bain's, and aspects of Freud's theory of thinking resemble both. All 3 theories were modeled on the sensory-motor reflex, and all proposed that thinking was inhibited action. Ferrier used his theory to explain the behavior of monkeys whose frontal lobes were ablated and the disinhibited behavior Phineas Gage exhibited after massive damage to his frontal lobes. I show there is some possibility that Freud knew the Bain-Ferrier theory of thinking and its application to Gage.

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