Principles of periodontology

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are among the most common diseases affecting humans. Dental biofilm is a contributor to the etiology of most periodontal diseases. It is also widely accepted that immunological and inflammatory responses to biofilm components are manifested by signs and symptoms of periodontal disease. The outcome of such interaction is modulated by risk factors (modifiers), either inherent (genetic) or acquired (environmental), significantly affecting the initiation and progression of different periodontal disease phenotypes. While definitive genetic determinants responsible for either susceptibility or resistance to periodontal disease have yet to be identified, many factors affecting the pathogenesis have been described, including smoking, diabetes, obesity, medications, and nutrition. Currently, periodontal diseases are classified based upon clinical disease traits using radiographs and clinical examination. Advances in genomics, molecular biology, and personalized medicine may result in new guidelines for unambiguous disease definition and diagnosis in the future. Recent studies have implied relationships between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions. Answering critical questions regarding host-parasite interactions in periodontal diseases may provide new insight in the pathogenesis of other biomedical disorders. Therapeutic efforts have focused on the microbial nature of the infection, as active treatment centers on biofilm disruption by non-surgical mechanical debridement with antimicrobial and sometimes anti-inflammatory adjuncts. The surgical treatment aims at gaining access to periodontal lesions and correcting unfavorable gingival/osseous contours to achieve a periodontal architecture that will provide for more effective oral hygiene and periodontal maintenance. In addition, advances in tissue engineering have provided innovative means to regenerate/repair periodontal defects, based upon principles of guided tissue regeneration and utilization of growth factors/biologic mediators. To maintain periodontal stability, these treatments need to be supplemented with long-term maintenance (supportive periodontal therapy) programs.

Socioeconomic Status, Health Behaviours and Oral Health in Adult Urban Population of Krakow

“…Periodontal disease and caries develop due to the lack of oral hygiene and it is postulated that they may be a consequence of poor education and related to low socioeconomic status [7,15]. However, associations between tooth loss and such factors as social status, income, frequency of dental visits, education, and marital status were not confirmed in all studies [16].…”

Evaluación del efecto del plasma rico en plaquetas en diferentes tiempos y concentraciones sobre la viabilidad de fibroblastos de ligamento periodontal y osteoblastos / Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Effect at different times and concentrations ...

“…Dicha interacción produce secuelas en el epitelio de unión, el ligamento periodontal, el cemento radicular y el hueso alveolar (1)(2)(3). De ahí que el objetivo fundamental del tratamiento es lograr la regeneración de estos tejidos (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), un proceso biológico complejo que involucra proteínas de la matriz y procesos de crecimiento, migración y diferenciación celular, en los cuales están involucrados diferentes factores de crecimiento (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)13).…”

“…Aunque se ha reportado que el tiempo de aplicación del PRP debe ser antes de las 24 horas, no se conoce el tiempo ideal posterior a su procesamiento para la aplicación en el paciente, ni la concentración óptima, de tal forma que estimule la mayor proliferación en células del tejido conectivo como fibroblastos u osteoblastos. Tales células son numerosas en el periodonto y son las responsables de la producción de la matriz orgánica de los tejidos que lo constituyen (3,4,38,40). Los osteoblastos y los fibroblastos producen colágeno, el mayor componente de la matriz, y por esto están implicados en el proceso de regeneración tisular (7,13,41).…”

Evaluation of the serum ceruloplasmin level before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis

“…Additional signs and symptoms of a chronic periodontal disease are the accumulation of supra-and sub-gingival calculus, gingival enlargement or recession, bleeding, furcation involvement, the mobility of the teeth, and bad odors [3] .…”