Abstract:This article describes the mechanisms of fracture healing (direct and indirect), general fracture management, the influence of the surgeon on the biology and biomechanical environment of bone healing, the management of articular fractures, and disorders of bone union.
“…Fracture healing in the metaphyseal and epiphyseal regions occurs with limited or no periosteal callus formation (Weterman and Scammell, 2012).…”
Section: Phases Of Fracture Healingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Subsequently, fibroblasts appear at the fracture site and produce new collagen which crosslinks in the haematoma. As a result, the haematoma is gradually replaced by a granulation tissue rich in collagen fibres, cells and invading capillaries (Kumar et al., 2012; Geris et al., 2010). Figure 3.The early stages of fracture healing.…”
Fracture is one of the commonest bone problems occurring as a result of injury in normal bone or as a consequence of bone weakening. It leads to morbidity and mortality in the young and old in particular in relation to hip fractures and is an important public health issue. Fracture healing is a continuous process that can be divided into three partially overlapping phases: inflammation, repair and remodelling. The success of the repair phase depends on mechanical conditions in the fracture healing zone and the outcome of fracture healing depends on various patient and fracture factors. An understanding of the complex physiological processes involved in bone healing is essential to enable fracture treatment by allowing the practitioner to create the optimal conditions for repair of the bone and to avoid potential complications. This review focuses on the physiology of fracture healing and the main factors affecting it.
“…Fracture healing in the metaphyseal and epiphyseal regions occurs with limited or no periosteal callus formation (Weterman and Scammell, 2012).…”
Section: Phases Of Fracture Healingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Subsequently, fibroblasts appear at the fracture site and produce new collagen which crosslinks in the haematoma. As a result, the haematoma is gradually replaced by a granulation tissue rich in collagen fibres, cells and invading capillaries (Kumar et al., 2012; Geris et al., 2010). Figure 3.The early stages of fracture healing.…”
Fracture is one of the commonest bone problems occurring as a result of injury in normal bone or as a consequence of bone weakening. It leads to morbidity and mortality in the young and old in particular in relation to hip fractures and is an important public health issue. Fracture healing is a continuous process that can be divided into three partially overlapping phases: inflammation, repair and remodelling. The success of the repair phase depends on mechanical conditions in the fracture healing zone and the outcome of fracture healing depends on various patient and fracture factors. An understanding of the complex physiological processes involved in bone healing is essential to enable fracture treatment by allowing the practitioner to create the optimal conditions for repair of the bone and to avoid potential complications. This review focuses on the physiology of fracture healing and the main factors affecting it.
“…Surgical treatments of bone injuries patients in emergency departments worldwide each year due to involvement in rigorous athletic activities, social instability, traffic accidents, and prolonged human lifespan [1].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Besides, the β-Ti alloys have a lower elastic modulus compared to other Ti alloys [15]. Considering that the elastic modulus is a key factor for the success or failure of the implant, this is a remarkable characteristic of these alloys [1]. However, the reported elastic modulus for β-Ti alloys ranges from 69 to 110 GPa [15,16], being still far from that of human bone (lower than 30 GPa) [17].…”
Magnesium particles are used in metallurgic routes, where it can be total or partially evaporated creating pores for ingrowth bone tissue. This book chapter contains the latest findings on the microstructural physical and mechanical properties of β-Ti alloys with Mg additions designed and obtained by the authors. As well as the main new techniques used to fabricate Ti-Mg alloys. An especial emphasis on the microstructure-properties relationship was made to assist on the guide for future efforts of the scientific community towards developing more efficient biomaterials. The β % were related to the low elastic modulus which were in the range of 31–49 GPa close to cortical bone and hardness close to commercial Ti grade 2. The compressive strength was greater than the value of cortical bone. Pore size were in the range of 5–100 μm depending on the sintering temperature, with higher wettability the samples with more porosity. These findings were promising to application of β titanium alloys containing Mg for orthopedic application.
“…As the largest dynamic biological tissue in the body, bones are composed of inorganic minerals and metabolically active cells surrounded by a large volume of extracellular matrix, and they form a rigid framework that has an irreplaceable role in maintaining life activities, including supporting the body and protecting visceral organs [ 1 , 2 ]. Surgical treatment of bone injuries has become common, where there are millions of bone injury patients in emergency departments worldwide each year due to involvement in vigorous athletic activities, social instability, traffic accidents, and prolonged human lifespan [ 3 – 5 ]. Bone defects, mainly induced by traumatic avulsions, sequelae of infection-induced bony sequestration, congenital malformations, or neoplastic resections, confront us with an extreme challenge for reconstructive surgery.…”
Bone repair materials are rapidly becoming a hot topic in the field of biomedical materials due to being an important means of repairing human bony deficiencies and replacing hard tissue. Magnesium (Mg) alloys are potentially biocompatible, osteoconductive, and biodegradable metallic materials that can be used in bone repair due to their in situ degradation in the body, mechanical properties similar to those of bones, and ability to positively stimulate the formation of new bones. However, rapid degradation of these materials in physiological environments may lead to gas cavities, hemolysis, and osteolysis and thus, hinder their clinical orthopedic applications. This paper reviews recent work on the use of Mg alloy implants in bone repair. Research to date on alloy design, surface modification, and biological performance of Mg alloys is comprehensively summarized. Future challenges for and developments in biomedical Mg alloys for use in bone repair are also discussed.
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