Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions.

Curly arrows meet electron density transfers in chemical reaction mechanisms: from electron localization function (ELF) analysis to valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) inspired interpretation

“…[1][2][3][4] This theory is based on the models of electronic structure of Lewis, 5 Langmuir 6-8 and…”

“…9, 10 Ingold considered two kinds of electron displacements: the inductive effect, represented by an arrowed bond symbol (-), in which the electron pair remains bounded in its original octet and the mesomeric effect, denoted by the curved (curly) arrow symbol (y), characterized by the substitution of one duplet for another in the same atomic octet. 1,2 Whereas the inductive effect is considered by Ingold to account for permanent molecular states, the mesomeric effect can be associated 1 5 10 adopted. The transfer of a single electron is now represented by the curved fish-hook arrow introduced by Budzikiewicz et al 13 The use of curly arrow pushing has been extended to the formation/dissociation of bonds in chemical reactions.…”

Konformative Fluoreffekte in der Organokatalyse: eine neuartige Strategie zum molekularen Design

“…Durch die Vereinigung der visionären Theorien von Robinson [1] und Ingold [2] mit der Formalisierung der Konformationsanalyse durch Barton [3] sind moderne stereoelektronische Theorien aufgestellt worden, die ein leistungsfähi-ges Mittel zur Rationalisierung des Ausgangs organischer Transformationen bieten. [4,5] Die vergangenen 70 Jahre bezeugen explosionsartige Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet, im Laufe derer rudimentäre Überlegungen zu elektronischen Strukturen auf molekularer Ebene in logische Gedankengänge umgewandelt wurden, um komplizierte (bio)synthetische Prozesse aufzuklären.…”

Substituents modulate biphenyl penetration into lipid membranes

“…This leads to a greater applied potential to be used to initiate the phase transitions. effects of substitution [63]. The benzene molecule is small and the inductive effect is significant in changing its properties but in the case of BP and other larger molecules, the inductive effect does not extend to the unsubstituted ring compared to the mesomeric effect [64].…”