Primo Vessel Stressed by Lipopolysaccharide in Rabbits

Lee, Hye-Rie; Rho, Mannque; Hong, Yeji; Ha, Yae-Eun; Kim, Jiyoung; Noh, Young-Il; Park, Do Young; Kim, Chang-Kyu; Kim, Eun-Jung; Jang, In-Hwan; Kang, Suk-Yun; Lee, Sang-Suk

doi:10.1016/j.jams.2015.05.005

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The diameters of the lymph and primo vessels shown here were observed to be 100 μm and 25 μm, respectively. The shape and structure of the primo vessel in the lymph vessel have been shown in previous studies conducted by this research team [14,15].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Ten-week-old New Zealand female rabbits, weighing 1.8 kg, supplied by Daehan Biolink Co., Ltd. (Eumseong, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea) were used in the study [14]. To obtain the primo vessel from the lymph vessel of the rabbit, the following steps were conducted and recorded [15]: Step 1: An anesthetic prepared by mixing zoletil (1.5 ml) with rompun (0.5 ml) was injected into the leg muscles of the rabbit. Step 2: The hair on the abdomen of the anesthetized rabbit was removed using an epilator along the midline of the abdomen from the bladder to the stomach.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injection Effect of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody on Primo Vessel in Lymph Vessel of Rabbit with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

Choi

Lee

2022

J Acupunct Meridian Stud

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Background: The primo vascular system can be viewed as a circulatory system that plays a therapeutic function in regenerating the body tissue. The anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody was used as an immunotherapeutic agent to treat the novel coronavirus infection . Objectives: In this study, we observed the effect of injecting lymph nodes with Foralumab, an anti-human CD3 epsilon therapeutic monoclonal antibody, on primo vessels. Methods: The structure and atomic stoichiometry of the antibody were determined by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Alcian blue dying solution was injected into the lymph nodes of the abdominal vena cava of rabbits, and the solution further flowed into the lymph vessels. Results: A primo vessel with primo nodes stained with Alcian blue was clearly visible in the lymph vessel. By injecting Foralumab into lymph nodes of rabbits with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, the floating primo vessel in the lymph vessel appeared thicker and was distinctly visible. Conclusion:The observation of the primo vessel post-treated with Foralumab in the inflamed lymphatic system suggests the possibility of a functional role of the primo vascular circulatory system in pathophysiological conditions.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection Effect of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody on Primo Vessel in Lymph Vessel of Rabbit with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

Choi

Lee

2022

J Acupunct Meridian Stud

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“…Kim aptly described the role of PNs as regenerative organs containing stem cells for tissue repair 1 . Indeed, recent studies have reported that PNs contain undifferentiated cells that express stem cell markers or are like very small embryonic-like cells (VSELs) [11][12][13][14][15] . PVs have Primo fluid flowing through the PSub-Vs and PN structures, and the fluid flow within PSub-Vs can range between 100 and 800 m/s 10,16 .…”

Section: The Primo Vascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a greater preference for the utilization of various blue dyes to identify ILVPVs, perhaps related to the use of a blue dye by Kim, which he never described. Blue dyes that have been used include Alcian blue, Trypan blue, and Toluidine blue 5,7,15,[25][26][27]30,31 . Alcian blue is the most popular because it provides a nice dark blue contrast to ILVPVs and it has a high affinity for hyaluronic acid which is present in PSub-V Primo fluid.…”

Section: Characterization Of Ilvpvsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Mechanisms of Interior Lymphatic Vessel Primo Vessels in Tissue Repair

Hall

Yates

Bauer

et al. 2022

MRAJ

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The Primo Vascular System was discovered by Bong Han Kim in the 1960s when searching for an anatomical correlate of the acupuncture meridians used in eastern medicine. The Primo Vascular System is a systemic network of thread-like Primo-vessels with intermittent enlargements known as Primo-nodes. Primo-vessels are difficult to view under a microscope due to their small diameters (20-50 µm) and translucent appearance. Primo-vessels have a porous outer membrane that encapsulates small channels named Primo sub-vessels filled with flowing fluid. Primo-vessels are classified into six sub-types based on their anatomical location. The physiological mechanisms of Primo-vessel function are not clear. There are multiple hypotheses based on Primo-vessel and Primo-node structure and cell content, however, supportive functional experimental data is lacking. This review focuses on the "interior" lymphatic vessel Primo-vessel (ILVPV) sub-type, the techniques that are used to visualize them, and experimental studies that attempt to unravel their physiological role after inflammatory stimulation. Speculative hypotheses are presented regarding the handling of signals by ILVPVs for intercellular communication between injured cells and cells stored within "interior" lymphatic vessel Primo-nodes (ILVPNs). One of the stored cell types that are of interest for tissue repair are very small embryonic-like cells. Very small embryonic-like cell activation may be induced by biophoton signals emitted by injured cells and transmitted to ILVPNs via Primo-vessel and/or ILVPV networks. An alternative or additional method for intercellular communication may involve the release of signaling proteins and/or extravesicular bodies carrying genetic messages (i.e., exosomes) by cells in injured tissues. As these signaling factors enter the lymphatic circulation, porous ILVPVs filter them out and transport them to ILVPNs where they initiate very small embryonic-like cell activation to start the tissue regenerative process. Primo Vascular System research will require more physiological functional studies to elucidate the role of ILVPVs and ILVPNs in tissue regeneration. To achieve this goal, future mechanistic studies will need novel biomarkers and animal models.

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“…Over the past twenty years, more than one hundred papers have been published in international academic journals, including ones registered with SCI (E) and SCOPUS, by the PVS group. For example, the group reported that they had succeeded in identifying the structures, which the BK group claimed to have found, in the lymphatic system [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and the blood system [25][26][27][28], on the surfaces of internal organs [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], and inside the nervous system [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. In addition, they hypothesized that the structures might ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective

Kim

2022

J Acupunct Meridian Stud

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The purpose of this paper is to compare the biological research carried out in North Korea with the modern outcomes in the same field, from a historical perspective. In the 1960s, the group led by Bong-Han Kim asserted the existence of a fundamental circulatory system in the human body. Their findings were introduced in five papers as well as in the newspaper Rodong Sinmun. The size of the group, the range of equipment, and their findings expanded gradually, and the final paper on blood cells would be only published one of over sixty papers reported at that time. In the five papers, some unclear and inconsistent contents were found. Meanwhile, in the 2000s, PVS (primo vascular system) researchers have published over one hundred papers to prove the existence of this novel system. Some trends have emerged in approximately sixty papers as follows:The research on the identification of the anatomical and histological characteristics has gradually expanded to encompass the system's own functioning. Also, new visual results (e.g. before and after dyeing, and its comparison with blood clots) and the exploration of possible medical applications (e.g. cancer metastasis channels or stem cells location) have been proposed. However, it is difficult to identify papers which comprehensively represented the elements claimed by Bong-Han Kim's group. In addition, papers have been published more in alternative or Oriental medicine journals than in Western biomedical journals. It seems necessary to report more existence of the system in one laboratory animal and in more influential journals.

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Primo Vessel Stressed by Lipopolysaccharide in Rabbits

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Injection Effect of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody on Primo Vessel in Lymph Vessel of Rabbit with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

Injection Effect of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody on Primo Vessel in Lymph Vessel of Rabbit with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

Potential Mechanisms of Interior Lymphatic Vessel Primo Vessels in Tissue Repair

Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective

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