Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: A case study of retrograde amnesia

Tulving, Endel; Schacter, Daniel L.; McLachlan, Donald R.; Moscovitch, Morris

doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90035-8

Cited by 277 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the following year, similar anecdotal evidence of limited RA was found in two left temporal lobectomy patients [58], one with suspected, and the other with confirmed, damage to the right HPC [57]. Formal testing corroborated these findings in a host of amnesic patients with known or presumed HPC damage following a variety of etiologies [4,5,60,73,84,89,100]. Remote memory in such patients was assessed in a variety of tests that measured, for example, memory for autobiographical episodes [26,28], public events and people [2,10,36,60,72], television shows [68,75], as well as other information (e.g.…”

Section: Episodic 6ersus Semantic Memorymentioning

confidence: 64%

“…However, research in cognitive psychology and neuropsychological investigations of brain-damaged amnesics have shown clearly that memory is not a unitary process. Rather, there are different forms of memory, each governed by different principles, represented in different ways, mediated by different brain structures, and expressed under different conditions [84]. Specifically, an important distinction along these lines is drawn between memory that is explicit (with conscious awareness) and implicit (without conscious awareness).…”

Section: Episodic 6ersus Semantic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Rosenbaum

Winocur

Moscovitch

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

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138

119

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Evidence of temporally graded retrograde amnesia (RA) following hippocampal damage has fuelled the long-standing belief that memory undergoes a consolidation process, whereby memories are progressively modified in neocortical regions until they are independent of the hippocampal (HPC) complex. Support for this position derives from both the animal and human RA literature, although the results are not consistent. Specifically, consolidation theory does not account for loss of episodic (detail) information in humans and context-dependent information in animals, which often extend back for much of the life span. We discuss an alternative approach, the Multiple Trace Theory, which suggests that the HPC complex contributes to the retrieval of recent and remote episodic and context-dependent memories. According to this view, such memory traces are represented as spatially distributed interactions between the HPC and neocortex that persist for as long as those memories exist. On the other hand, semantic, or context-free, memories can become independent of the HPC as consolidation theory predicts. In support of this view, we report recent accounts of relatively flat RA gradients in autobiographical and spatial detail loss in patients and animal models with extensive bilateral HPC lesions. By comparison, temporally graded RA was observed in tests of semantic and context-free memory. We also report neuroimaging studies in which hippocampal activity, elicited during recollection of autobiographical memories, did not distinguish recent from remote episodes. Our discussion suggests ways to reconcile discrepancies in the literature and guide predictions of the occurrence of flat versus temporally limited gradients of remote episodic and semantic memory loss following lesions to HPC.

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Section: Episodic 6ersus Semantic Memorymentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Episodic 6ersus Semantic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Rosenbaum

Winocur

Moscovitch

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

Self Cite

138

119

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“…The head-injured patient K.D. (Tulving et al, 1988) was unable to recollect any personal episodes from his life at all. Similarly, the postencephalitic patient Boswell (formerly known as D.R.B.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autobiographical memory and amnesia

MacKinnon

Squire

1989

Psychobiology

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In four experiments, we asaessed autobiographical memory in 5 normal subjects and in 5 memoryimpaired patients, all of whom had beeome amnesie on a known date. The patients were unable to produee autobiographieal reeolleetions in as mueh detail as the normal subjects eould. The impairment was espeeially notieeable when single-word eues were used to elieit memories and when subjects were asked to recollect events from any past time period. Amnesie patients performed better when they were instrueted to restriet their recollections to ehildhood or adolescenee. In partieular, when single-word eues were used together with probe questions, or when struetured questions were used instead of single-word eues, amnesie patients produeed recollections about ehildhood and adoleseenee that eould not be distinguished qualitatively or quantitatively from the reeolleetions of normal subjects. The patients who had the most diffieulty reeolleeting autobiographical episodes were the same ones who in a previous study had exhibited the most severe and extensive retrograde amnesia on fact-memory tests. These findings do not support the view that amnesia especially affects episodic, as eompared to semantie, memory. Isolated amnesie syndromes ean have little effeet on the storage and retrieval of very remote memories, whether they be memories for facts or memories for speeifie autobiographie al episodes.

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“…Semantic personal knowledge is information that has been abstracted from memories of the self in specific events (e.g., Klein & Loftus, 1993b;Neisser, 1986;Tulving, 1989Tulving, , 1993Tulving et al, 1988). Thus, semantic personal knowledge of traits might include the facts that a person is kind, outgoing, and lazy.…”

Section: The Role Of Episodic and Semantic Memory In Traitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall events that precede the onset of the amnesia. Typically, it entails loss of episodic memory with sparing of semantic memory (e.g., F. C. Goldstein, Levin, & Boake, 1989;Levin et al, 1985;Lucchelli, Muggia, & Spinnler, 1995;Tulving et al, 1991;Van der Linden et al, 1996;Wood et al, 1982). When it occurs following a closed-head injury, retrograde amnesia typically has the additional feature of being temporary, resolving in the days or weeks following the injury (e.g., Blomert & Sisler, 1974;Russell, 1971;Sisler & Penner, 1975;Whitty & ZangwiU, 1977).…”

Section: The Role Of Episodic and Semantic Memory In Traitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.

Klein¹,

Loftus²,

Kihlstrom³

1996

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

217

209

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The authors present the case of W.J., who, as a result of a head injury, temporarily lost access to her episodic memory. W.J. was asked both during her amnesia and following its resolution to make trait judgments about herself. Because her responses when she could access episodic memories were consistent with her responses when she could not, the authors conclude that the loss of episodic memory did not greatly affect the availability of her trait self-knowledge. The authors discuss how neuropsychological evidence can contribute to theorizing about personality and social processes.

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Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: A case study of retrograde amnesia

Cited by 277 publications

References 24 publications

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Autobiographical memory and amnesia

Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.

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